Acne

Table of Contents

Other names

Pimples
Zits
Blackheads
Whiteheads
Cystic acne

Synopsis

Acne is a common skin condition that occurs when hair follicles become clogged with oil (sebum) and dead skin cells, leading to inflammation, pimples, blackheads, or cysts. It typically appears on the face, chest, back, and shoulders, areas with high concentrations of sebaceous glands. Acne is most common during puberty due to hormonal changes but can occur at any age. The severity ranges from mild blackheads and whiteheads to painful cystic lesions that can cause scarring.

Types:

  • Comedonal acne: Characterized by non-inflammatory blackheads and whiteheads.

  • Inflammatory acne: Red, swollen pimples (papules) and pus-filled lesions (pustules).

  • Cystic acne: Deep, painful nodules or cysts under the skin that may scar.

  • Hormonal acne: Often appears along the jawline and chin, linked to hormonal fluctuations.

Common Causes:

  • Excess oil production (sebum): Overactive sebaceous glands contribute to clogged pores.

  • Clogged hair follicles: Dead skin cells and oil block follicles, trapping bacteria.

  • Bacterial growth: Cutibacterium acnes (formerly Propionibacterium acnes) contributes to inflammation.

  • Hormonal fluctuations: Androgens (male hormones) increase sebum production during puberty, menstruation, or hormonal disorders like PCOS.

  • Diet: High glycemic index foods, dairy, and processed foods may contribute to breakouts in some individuals.

  • Stress: Can trigger hormonal changes that exacerbate acne.

  • Certain medications: Corticosteroids, lithium, and some birth control pills can worsen acne.

  • Cosmetic products: Oily or comedogenic skincare and makeup products can clog pores.

More Severe Causes (Complications):

  • Cystic or nodular acne: Causes deep skin inflammation, often leading to scarring.

  • Post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation: Dark spots remain after acne lesions heal.

  • Emotional distress: Severe acne can impact self-esteem, leading to anxiety or depression.

  • Infection or abscess formation: If acne lesions become severely inflamed.

When to See a Doctor:

  • Acne persists despite over-the-counter treatments

  • Severe cystic acne develops

  • Acne leads to scarring or dark spots

  • Emotional well-being is impacted by acne

  • Suspected hormonal imbalances (e.g., PCOS-related acne)

Natural Remedies

Tea Tree Oil (Diluted): Tea tree oil has antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties that target acne-causing bacteria. Apply diluted (5%) tea tree oil to affected areas once or twice daily.

Aloe Vera Gel: Aloe vera soothes inflammation and promotes healing of irritated skin. Apply pure aloe gel to the skin twice daily.

Honey Mask: Raw honey has antibacterial properties and helps reduce redness and irritation. Apply as a thin layer on the skin, leave for 15–20 minutes, and rinse off.

Apple Cider Vinegar (ACV) Toner: ACV has antimicrobial properties and helps restore skin’s natural pH. Dilute ACV with water (1:3 ratio) and apply lightly with a cotton pad.

Green Tea Compress: Green tea contains polyphenols that reduce inflammation and sebum production. Steep green tea, let cool, and apply to the skin using a cloth.

Zinc Supplementation: Zinc reduces inflammation and may decrease acne severity. Oral supplementation (under guidance) or topical zinc formulations can be used.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Omega-3s help regulate inflammation and support skin health. Increase dietary sources like fish oil or flaxseed.

Dietary Adjustments: Reducing dairy, sugar, and processed foods may help lower acne flare-ups in some individuals. Increase anti-inflammatory foods like leafy greens, nuts, and seeds.