Allergies (food)

Table of Contents

Other names

Food hypersensitivity
Dietary allergies
Food intolerance (distinct but related)
IgE-mediated food allergy
Non-IgE-mediated food allergy

Synopsis

Food allergies occur when the immune system mistakenly identifies certain food proteins as harmful, triggering an immune response that can range from mild (itching, hives) to severe (anaphylaxis). Food allergies are different from food intolerances, which involve digestive difficulties without an immune response (e.g., lactose intolerance).

In food allergies, exposure to even tiny amounts of the offending food can provoke symptoms. The most common food allergens include milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts, soy, wheat, fish, and shellfish (commonly referred to as the "Big 8"). While some children outgrow certain allergies, others persist into adulthood. Food allergies can be life-threatening and require careful avoidance of trigger foods and prompt treatment of reactions.

Types:

  • IgE-mediated food allergy: Immediate immune response involving immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. Symptoms occur within minutes to 2 hours.

  • Non-IgE-mediated food allergy: Involves other parts of the immune system; symptoms are often delayed (hours to days).

  • Mixed IgE/non-IgE food allergy: Combines immediate and delayed symptoms.

  • Oral allergy syndrome (pollen-food syndrome): Cross-reactivity between pollen and raw fruits/vegetables, causing localized mouth/throat itching.

Common Causes (Triggers):

  • Common food allergens: Milk, eggs, peanuts, tree nuts (e.g., almonds, walnuts), soy, wheat, fish, shellfish, sesame (in some regions).

  • Cross-reactivity: Pollen allergies can trigger reactions to certain fruits and vegetables (oral allergy syndrome).

  • Genetic predisposition: Family history of allergies, eczema, asthma, or hay fever increases risk.

  • Immature immune systems: Infants and young children may be more prone to developing food allergies.

More Severe Causes (Complications):

  • Anaphylaxis: A life-threatening allergic reaction causing throat swelling, breathing difficulty, rapid drop in blood pressure, and possible death without immediate treatment (e.g., epinephrine).

  • Eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE): Chronic allergic inflammation of the esophagus, often triggered by food allergens.

  • Chronic digestive issues: Non-IgE allergies can cause vomiting, diarrhea, or failure to thrive (especially in infants).

  • Nutritional deficiencies: Restricted diets to avoid allergens can lead to deficiencies without proper planning.

When to See a Doctor or Allergist:

  • Suspected food allergy symptoms (hives, swelling, vomiting, respiratory distress) after eating specific foods

  • Severe reactions requiring emergency treatment (anaphylaxis)

  • Unexplained digestive issues or failure to thrive in infants/children

  • To confirm diagnosis with skin prick testing, blood tests, or oral food challenges

  • Management of restricted diets to avoid nutritional deficiencies

Natural Remedies

Probiotics (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium strains): Support gut health and may help modulate the immune response, potentially reducing allergic sensitivity. Found in fermented foods like yogurt, kefir, and sauerkraut or as supplements.

Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Reduce inflammation and support immune regulation, which may lessen allergic reactions. Include fish oil, flaxseed, or chia seeds.

Vitamin D Supplementation: Supports immune system balance and has been associated with lower allergy risks. Maintain optimal blood levels through sunlight exposure or supplements.

Quercetin (Bioflavonoid): Acts as a natural antihistamine, stabilizing mast cells and reducing histamine release. Found in apples, onions, and as a supplement.

Turmeric (Curcumin): Anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating, turmeric may help reduce allergic responses. Incorporate into meals or as a supplement.

Ginger: Anti-inflammatory and soothing to the digestive system, ginger may reduce allergic inflammation. Consume as tea or fresh in meals.

Local Honey (for pollen-related cross-reactivity): May reduce sensitivity to pollen allergens (though not recommended for severe food allergies). Use with caution in mild cases of oral allergy syndrome.

Avoid Processed Foods: Helps reduce exposure to hidden allergens and food additives that may exacerbate symptoms. Focus on whole, minimally processed foods.