Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder

Table of Contents

Other names

Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Chronic Bronchitis and Emphysema
Chronic Airflow Limitation
Chronic Respiratory Disease

Synopsis

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disorder (COPD) is a progressive, long-term lung disease that obstructs airflow and makes breathing increasingly difficult. It primarily includes two related conditions: chronic bronchitis, marked by long-term inflammation and mucus production in the airways, and emphysema, where the air sacs in the lungs are damaged, reducing oxygen exchange. Most people with COPD have features of both conditions.

COPD develops gradually and is most commonly caused by long-term exposure to irritating gases or particulate matter, particularly tobacco smoke. The disease is characterized by chronic cough, shortness of breath, wheezing, and frequent respiratory infections. Over time, COPD can lead to significant disability, reduced quality of life, and complications like pulmonary hypertension or respiratory failure.

Types of COPD:

  • Chronic Bronchitis-Dominant: Persistent cough and mucus production for at least 3 months over 2 consecutive years.

  • Emphysema-Dominant: Destruction of alveoli leads to breathlessness with minimal coughing.

  • Mixed COPD: Combination of both features.

Common Causes:

  • Long-term cigarette smoking (primary cause)

  • Exposure to air pollutants (indoor or outdoor)

  • Occupational dust and chemical fumes

  • Genetic factors (e.g., alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency)

  • History of frequent childhood respiratory infections

Severity Factors:

  • Assessed through lung function tests (spirometry), symptom burden, and exacerbation frequency.

  • Progressive over time, especially if the underlying cause (e.g., smoking) continues.

  • Advanced stages may lead to oxygen dependency and complications such as heart strain or malnutrition.

When to See a Doctor:

  • Persistent cough, especially with mucus production

  • Shortness of breath during daily activities

  • Wheezing or chest tightness

  • Frequent respiratory infections

  • Fatigue or unintended weight loss

  • If using rescue inhalers more frequently

  • New or worsening symptoms (may signal a flare-up or exacerbation)

Natural Remedies

Smoking cessation: The most crucial step in slowing disease progression.

Pulmonary rehabilitation exercises: Improve lung capacity and stamina.

Breathing techniques: Pursed-lip and diaphragmatic breathing help improve oxygen efficiency.

Air purification: Use air filters and avoid exposure to smoke or pollutants.

Hydration: Keeps mucus thin and easier to expel.

Elevate sleeping position: Reduces nighttime breathing difficulties.

Nutrient-rich diet: Supports energy and immune function; focus on anti-inflammatory foods.