Cold Sores

Table of Contents

Other names

Fever Blisters
Herpes Labialis
Oral Herpes
HSV-1 Infection

Synopsis

Cold sores are small, fluid-filled blisters that usually appear on or around the lips and are caused by the herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1). Once infected, the virus remains dormant in the nerve cells and can reactivate later in response to certain triggers. Cold sores typically begin with a tingling or burning sensation, followed by the appearance of painful blisters that crust and heal within 7 to 10 days.

Although generally mild in healthy individuals, cold sores can be painful and embarrassing, and outbreaks may recur. The virus is highly contagious and can spread through direct contact with an active sore, or even through saliva and shared utensils during an active outbreak.

Types of Cold Sores:

  • Primary Infection: Initial exposure, often in childhood, may be asymptomatic or involve flu-like symptoms and oral lesions.

  • Recurrent Cold Sores: Periodic reactivation of HSV-1, usually in the same location.

  • Severe/Recurrent Cases: More common in individuals with weakened immune systems.

Common Causes/Triggers of Reactivation:

  • Stress or fatigue

  • Illness or fever

  • Sun exposure or windburn

  • Hormonal changes (e.g., menstruation)

  • Dental procedures or trauma to the lips

  • Weakened immune system

  • Dehydration or poor nutrition

Severity Factors:

  • Generally self-limiting in healthy individuals

  • May be more frequent or severe in immunocompromised individuals

  • Potential complications include eye infections (if virus spreads) or eczema herpeticum (rare skin infection)

When to See a Doctor:

  • Cold sores that last more than two weeks

  • Frequent or severe outbreaks

  • Sores spreading to eyes or other body parts

  • Severe pain or swelling

  • If immunocompromised (e.g., HIV, chemotherapy patients)

  • In newborns (can be serious or life-threatening)

Natural Remedies

Cold compresses: Help reduce pain and swelling.

Aloe vera gel: Soothes inflammation and promotes healing.

Lysine-rich diet: May inhibit HSV-1 replication (e.g., chicken, fish, legumes).

Avoid acidic or salty foods: Prevent irritation during an outbreak.

Apply petroleum jelly: Keeps lesions moist and protects from cracking.

Rest and hydration: Support immune recovery.

Use sunscreen or lip balm with SPF: Helps prevent UV-triggered outbreaks.