Depression

Table of Contents

Other names

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Clinical Depression
Unipolar Depression
Mood Disorder

Synopsis

Depression is a common, serious mental health condition characterized by persistent sadness, hopelessness, low energy, and loss of interest or pleasure in activities once enjoyed. It affects how a person feels, thinks, and functions daily—interfering with sleep, appetite, concentration, work, and relationships. Unlike temporary sadness, depression is chronic and often recurrent, with biological, psychological, and environmental roots.

The condition varies in intensity, from mild to severe, and can be episodic or long-term. Depression is often triggered or worsened by stressful life events, trauma, chronic illness, hormonal changes, or neurochemical imbalances. It may occur on its own or alongside other conditions such as anxiety, substance use disorder, or chronic pain.

Types of Depression:

  • Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Most common form, lasting at least two weeks with clear symptoms.

  • Persistent Depressive Disorder (Dysthymia): Milder but chronic depression lasting 2+ years.

  • Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD): Depression that recurs in seasonal patterns, typically in winter.

  • Postpartum Depression: Occurs after childbirth due to hormonal and emotional shifts.

  • Bipolar Depression: Depressive episodes within bipolar disorder, alternating with manic episodes.

  • Situational Depression: Triggered by specific life events like loss or trauma.

Common Causes and Risk Factors:

  • Neurotransmitter imbalances (e.g., serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine)

  • Family history of depression or other mental health disorders

  • Chronic illness or pain

  • Hormonal changes (thyroid disorders, menopause, postpartum period)

  • Substance abuse

  • Social isolation or lack of support

  • Nutrient deficiencies (e.g., B12, folate, omega-3s)

  • History of trauma or abuse

Severity Factors:

  • Depression can be mild (low mood and fatigue) or severe (suicidal thoughts, inability to function).

  • Chronic depression increases risk of heart disease, diabetes, and immune suppression.

  • Untreated depression may lead to substance use, relationship breakdowns, or self-harm.

When to See a Doctor or Therapist:

  • Symptoms last longer than 2 weeks and interfere with daily life

  • Loss of interest in nearly all activities

  • Feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt

  • Thoughts of death or suicide

  • Changes in sleep, appetite, or energy

  • Difficulty concentrating or making decisions

Natural Remedies

Exercise regularly: Shown to increase serotonin and endorphins.

Maintain a routine: Helps stabilize mood and sleep.

Get sunlight exposure: Especially for seasonal depression.

Eat a nutrient-dense diet: Focus on omega-3s, B vitamins, and antioxidants.

Practice mindfulness or meditation: Reduces rumination and stress.

Stay connected: Social interaction, even minimal, can lift mood.

Limit alcohol and caffeine: Can exacerbate mood swings.

Consider therapy: CBT and interpersonal therapy are especially effective.