Labisia pumila

Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah): A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity, Taxonomy, and Botanical Description

Accepted Scientific Name and Taxonomy

Labisia pumila (Blume) Fern.-Vill. is a flowering plant in the family Primulaceae, native to Malaysia. Historically, the genus Labisia and its species, including L. pumila, were placed in the family Myrsinaceae, but molecular phylogenetic studies led to its reclassification into Primulaceae under the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III (APG III) system in 2009, which merged Myrsinaceae as a subfamily into the expanded Primulaceae due to close genetic relationships.

The species was originally described by Carl Ludwig Blume in 1823 as Ardisia pumila in Catalogus, with the type specimen collected from Java and now housed at Naturalis Biodiversity Center (Leiden). A synonym encountered with some frequency in the pharmacological literature is Marantodes pumilum (Blume) Kuntze; however, the correct and accepted name for Kacip Fatimah is Labisia pumila. Using this name is consistent with historical usage, current nomenclatural rules, and global taxonomic consensus. Even though the genus Labisia was reclassified as Marantodes in 2012, 81% of publications cited Labisia pumila rather than Marantodes pumilum.

Common Names

The popular name for the plant is Kacip Fatimah ("Fatimah's betel cutter"; compare to tongkat ali, i.e. Ali's walking stick). Other common names of the plant include selusoh Fatimah, pokok pinggan, rumput palis, tadah matahari, mata pelanduk rimba, bunga belungkas hutan, remoyan batu, and angkoh.

Botanical Description and Habitat

Labisia pumila, commonly known as Kacip Fatimah, is a small, perennial herbaceous shrub in the family Primulaceae, native to the understory of tropical rainforests in Southeast Asia. It typically grows 20–50 cm tall with rarely branching stems and fine, hairy roots and produces clusters of dark green, lanceolate to oblong leaves measuring 15–25 cm long and 5–7 cm wide, featuring crenulate margins. The plant bears small, five-petalled flowers that are purple or off-white, arranged in axillary racemes up to 8 cm long, followed by bright red, spherical drupes approximately 0.4 cm in diameter.

L. pumila is recognized as a medicinal plant in Southeast Asian countries and thrives in 70–90% shaded sparse forests. In Peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, it is found from sea level up to 750 m altitudes, but in West Java, it occurs at 900–1200 m altitude. It propagates by its rhizomes, leaves and/or seeds, and when cultivated is harvested about a year after planting. The plant is indigenous to Malaysia, but also found in Sumatra, Java, and Borneo.

Recognized Varieties

There are three varieties of L. pumila available in Malaysia, namely L. pumila (Blume) var. alata, L. pumila (Blume) var. pumila, and L. pumila var. lanceolata. L. pumila (Blume) var. alata has been widely used in pharmaceutical preparations. Most published pharmacological research, especially that on postmenopausal and bone health applications, has used the var. alata form.

Commercial and Regulatory Status

In Malaysia, Labisia pumila was highlighted in 2010 as one of five local herbs to be developed commercially on a large scale via the Economic Transformation Programme. Malaysian women have long used it in traditional medicine to promote childbirth and aid postpartum recovery. As a result, it is called the "plant queen" of all Malaysian herbs.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

Primary Ethnobotanical Context

Labisia pumila is traditionally used by Malay women to maintain healthy female reproductive function and as a postpartum medicine. Labisia pumila (Myrsinaceae), known as "Kacip Fatimah," has been used by many generations of Malay women to induce and facilitate childbirth as well as a post-partum medicine.

The plant is locally known as Kacip Fatimah, Selusuh Fatimah, or Pokok Ringgang by the Malaysian indigenous people. It is believed to facilitate their childbirth, treating their post-childbirth and menstrual irregularities.

Traditional Preparations

In the Malay community, the entire plant is boiled, and the water extract is consumed as a drink or used as a herbal bath. Historically in Malay Archipelago culture practices, decoction of Labisia pumila in water is commonly employed before consuming it.

Range of Traditional Indications

The traditional uses of the plant include easing of childbirth, use as a post-partum medication to contract the birth channel, regulation of the menstrual cycle, and alleviation of menstrual symptoms. Additionally, it has traditionally been used to treat dysentery, rheumatism, gonorrhea, and as an anti-flatulent.

Men of several ethnic groups in Sarawak, Malaysia also consumed this herb to maintain and increase stamina.

The plant is popular in the traditional medicine of the Malaysian and Indonesian community, in which it is believed to be the female version of the equally well-known tongkat ali, i.e., Ali's walking stick.

Evidence Gap Between Traditional and Scientific Use

Current studies have focused only on the effects of L. pumila on estrogen deficiency-related diseases in women and bone diseases. There is no scientific evidence for other traditional uses. Therefore, it is important to further explore its pharmacological activities and fill the research gaps related to other traditional uses.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

Phytochemical Overview

A 2024 comprehensive review summarized 102 chemical components from different parts of the plant, including flavonoids, phenolic acids, saponins, and other chemical components.

The plant contains many phytochemicals such as flavonoids, phenolic compounds, methyl gallate, alkaloids, alkenyl compounds, glycosides, tannins, phenolics, anthocyanins, sterols, triterpenoids, carotenoids, benzoquinone derivatives, ascorbic acids, saponins, and fatty acids.

It has been reported that Labisia contains two novel benzoquinoid compounds, as well as gallic acid, caffeic acid, rutin, and myricetin.

Polyphenols and Flavonoids

The water extract of L. pumila has been shown to contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, ascorbic acid, β-carotene, anthocyanin, and phenolic acid, which contribute extensive antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antifungal activity.

Saponins

The plant contains triterpene saponins, including the compound ardisiacrispin A, which were thought to be the reason behind the phytoestrogenic activity of L. pumila. Six compounds isolated from the roots of L. pumila — two saponins and four alkyl phenols — have been characterized in research settings, in addition to the methanolic extract.

Alkyl Phenols and Alkenylresorcinols

The biological activities of L. pumila are related to the presence of bioactive phytochemical constituents comprising phenolic, flavonoid, and other antioxidant compounds. In addition, saponin, alkenyl compounds, and benzoquinone derivatives are also present and these compounds are known to be linked with useful biological activities.

Phytochemical investigations have led to the identification of three new alkenylresorcinols and 16 other known compounds in the leaves of Labisia.

Mechanisms of Phytoestrogenic Action

The water extract of L. pumila has been found to inhibit estradiol binding to antibodies raised against estradiol, suggesting the presence of estrogen-like compounds in the extract. The L. pumila ethanolic extract exhibits significant estrogenic effects on human endometrial adenocarcinoma cells in estrogen-free basal medium and promotes an increase in the secretion of alkaline phosphate.

L. pumila contains antioxidants as well as exerting anti-inflammatory effects, which can act as free radical scavengers, thereby inhibiting TNF-α production and COX-2 expression, which leads to a decline in RANKL expression, resulting in reduction in osteoclast activity which consequently reduces bone loss.

4. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

4.1 Women's Health and Menopausal Symptoms

Overview

The most studied area of application for L. pumila is women's reproductive and hormonal health, particularly as a potential non-hormonal intervention for postmenopausal symptoms. Labisia pumila is a potential alternative agent for hormone replacement therapy in postmenopausal women. Researchers have conducted a study comparing the effect of L. pumila aqueous extract to estrogen on reproductive hormones using an ovariectomised rat model. Labisia pumila supplementation had been shown to resemble the effect of estrogen replacement therapy on reproductive hormones.

Key Clinical Study: Postmenopausal Pilot RCT (2012)

This is a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study comparing the effects of a water extract of Labisia pumila var. alata at 280 mg/day with placebo, given for 6 months in postmenopausal Malay women. There were 29 patients treated with Labisia pumila and 34 patients in the placebo group. Menopausal symptoms were assessed at baseline and at 6 months. Blood pressure, body mass index, waist circumference, fasting blood sugar, lipid profile, and hormonal profile (FSH/LH/estradiol) were measured during visits every two months.

ANCOVA model analysis showed significantly lower triglycerides levels in L. pumila subjects at 6 months after treatment as compared to placebo (1.4 versus 1.9 mmol/L; adjusted mean difference 0.5, 95% CI: 0.02, 0.89 after adjustment for baseline values, age, BMI, and duration of menopause). Other parameters in both groups did not differ significantly. In conclusion, daily intake of Labisia pumila at 280 mg/day for six months was found to provide benefit in reducing triglyceride (TG) values.

The possible explanations are that the sample size in this study is very small, and also it needed to be given for a longer duration before the effects can be seen. In an animal study, it was shown that estrogen replacement therapy increased estradiol level as early as 30 days of treatment compared to L. pumila which requires 60 days of treatment. This was a pilot-level study with significant limitations in sample size.

Larger Clinical Study on Cardiovascular and Wellbeing Outcomes

A subsequent clinical study that enrolled 102 participants in the L. pumila group and 95 in the placebo group demonstrated that L. pumila supplementation improved cardiovascular risk factors, sleep patterns, and depressed mood in pre- and postmenopausal women. However, this study's full details are available primarily through secondary citations and the complete report requires direct access to validate all outcome claims.

Combination Herbal RCT: Hot Flushes and Quality of Life (2020)

A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, 24-week study enrolled 119 healthy women aged 41–55 years experiencing peri-menopausal or menopausal symptoms. The study examined a herbal formulation (Nu-femme™) comprising Labisia pumila (SLP+®) and Eurycoma longifolia (Physta®) or placebo. The primary endpoint was comparative changes in the frequency and severity of hot flushes. Secondary objectives included changes in joint pain, Menopause Rating Scale (MRS), and Menopause-Specific Quality of Life (MENQOL) questionnaire domain scores. Concentrations of serum hormone, lipid profile, bone markers, sleep quality, and vitality were also studied as secondary objectives.

An important limitation of this 2020 trial is that it tested a fixed combination product, making it impossible to attribute specific outcomes to L. pumila alone versus Eurycoma longifolia. Due to the variation in study quality and heterogeneity of results, high-quality studies examining the role of plant-based supplements on menopausal symptoms are still needed.

Evidence strength: For menopausal symptom management overall, the evidence base consists of a small pilot RCT, one larger study with limited publicly available detail, and one combination-product RCT. No head-to-head trials against established hormone therapies are available at clinical scale. The evidence for triglyceride reduction is from a single small pilot trial. Overall, the clinical evidence is preliminary and not sufficient to support definitive therapeutic claims.

4.2 Bone Health and Osteoporosis Prevention

Animal Evidence

Labisia pumila var. alata has shown potential as an alternative to estrogen replacement therapy (ERT) in prevention of estrogen-deficient osteoporosis. In earlier studies using a postmenopausal model, L. pumila var. alata was able to reverse the ovariectomy-induced changes in biochemical markers, bone calcium, bone histomorphometric parameters, and biomechanical strength.

In one representative animal study, thirty-two female rats were randomly divided into four groups: sham-operated, ovariectomized control, ovariectomized with Labisia pumila var. alata (LP), and ovariectomized with ERT (Premarin). The LPva and ERT were administered via oral gavage daily at doses of 17.5 mg/kg and 64.5 μg/kg, respectively. Following two months of treatment, the rats were euthanized and their right femora were prepared for bone biomechanical testing. The results showed that ovariectomy compromised femoral strength, while LPva supplementation to the ovariectomized rats improved femoral strength.

An extensive study was conducted in a postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model using several LP doses and duration of treatments to determine if anti-oxidative mechanisms were involved in its bone protective effects. Ninety-six female Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups, with ovariectomized groups receiving either 64.5 μg/kg of Premarin (ERT), 20 mg/kg of LP, or 100 mg/kg of LP.

It was reported that LP was able to increase bone formation and reduce bone resorption markers in ovariectomized rats. LP supplementation was also shown to protect the bone structure changes of estrogen-deficient rats.

Proposed Mechanism for Bone Protection

Women are more likely to develop osteoporosis than men due to reduction in estrogen during menopause, which leads to decline in bone-formation and increase in bone-resorption activity. Estrogen is able to suppress production of proinflammatory cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6, IL-7, and TNF-α. This is why these cytokines are elevated in postmenopausal women. Studies have shown that estrogen reduction is able to stimulate focal inflammation in bone. Labisia pumila, which is known to exert a phytoestrogenic effect, can be used as an alternative to ERT which can produce positive effects on bone without causing side effects.

Evidence strength: All bone health evidence is derived from animal models (ovariectomized rat studies). Current studies have focused only on the effects of L. pumila on estrogen deficiency-related diseases in women and bone diseases, but no published randomized controlled human trials specifically assessing bone mineral density as a primary outcome have been identified. The animal evidence is consistent and mechanistically plausible but cannot be directly extrapolated to human outcomes without confirmatory human trials.

4.3 Antioxidant Activity

In vitro and in vivo studies have indicated that Labisia pumila exerts a wide range of biological activities such as phytoestrogenic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-aging, anti-microbial, and anti-carcinogenic activities. These antioxidant activities have been consistently demonstrated across multiple solvent extracts of the leaves and roots.

Previous studies have reported that oxidative stress is higher in postmenopausal women, indicating that antioxidant status may be related to estrogen deficit. Oxidative stress is associated with osteoporosis and antioxidants may play an important role in suppressing the development of osteoporosis. Due to the estrogen reduction following menopause, the body is subjected to a high level of free radicals and disruption of the oxidative stress defense system.

Evidence strength: Antioxidant activity has been established in numerous in vitro and animal studies. No large-scale, independent human clinical trials evaluating antioxidant endpoints as primary outcomes have been reported.

4.4 Anti-inflammatory Activity

Anti-inflammatory assays have been performed using nitric oxide (NO) production by macrophage RAW 264.7 cell lines induced by LPS/IFN-γ, and cytotoxic activity was determined using several cancer cell lines and one normal cell line. These investigations have shown measurable inhibitory activity in cell-based models.

Evidence strength: Preliminary in vitro evidence only. No human clinical data for anti-inflammatory endpoints as a standalone outcome.

4.5 Antimicrobial and Antifungal Activity

The leaves and roots of the three varieties of L. pumila Benth. were extracted using microwave-assisted extraction (MAE). Antifungal activity of all plant extracts was characterized against Fusarium sp., Candida sp., and Mucor using the agar diffusion disc method.

Evidence strength: In vitro data only. No clinical antimicrobial trials have been reported.

4.6 Anticancer and Antiproliferative Activity

LP has antiproliferative properties in skin cancer (HM3KO cell lines and skin carcinogenesis in mice), prostate cancer, colon cancer (HT-29 cell lines), and breast cancer (MCF-7 cell lines). However, the exact mechanism underlying LP's antiproliferative effect is still being determined, and reports on the plant's properties need to be further investigated. Despite the growing interest in plant-derived compounds for cancer therapy, the specific oestrogenic potential, antiproliferative effects, and apoptotic mechanisms of LP in breast cancer cells remain poorly understood.

Findings suggest that the antiproliferative effect of the active fraction SF2Lp in HM3KO cells was via induction of apoptosis, and that the active components present in SF2Lp have the ability to induce cancer cell death in vitro. Many anticancer molecules show growth inhibition and/or apoptotic cell death of cancer cells by modulating cell-cycle regulatory molecules.

Flow cytometry analysis showed that SF2Lp was able to arrest the HM3KO cell cycle at the G1 phase, while morphological findings from AO-EB nuclear staining assays confirmed the induction of apoptosis. Mechanistic study further revealed that SF2Lp treatment was able to concurrently increase the expression level of p53 and pro-apoptotic protein Bax and also reduce the expression level of anti-apoptotic protein BCl-2 in HM3KO cells.

Evidence strength: In vitro cell-line data and limited animal data only. No human clinical evidence for anticancer effects exists. These findings are hypothesis-generating and cannot be interpreted as supporting a clinical claim.

4.7 Skin Protection and Anti-Photoaging

A study found that Labisia pumila extract protects skin cells from photoaging caused by UVB irradiation. It has also been reported to be beneficial in the skin aging process as it can upregulate the synthesis of collagen in skin fibroblasts.

Evidence strength: Cell-culture based. No controlled human clinical data on dermatological endpoints have been identified.

5. Body Systems and Health Areas Associated with Labisia pumila

• Female reproductive system: Induction and facilitation of childbirth, postpartum recovery, menstrual regulation — documented in traditional use; limited human RCT data.
• Endocrine system (phytoestrogenic): Estrogenic receptor modulation, FSH/LH/estradiol level modification — animal data; limited human pilot data.
• Skeletal system: Bone mineral density and biomechanical strength in estrogen-deficient states — animal data only.
• Cardiovascular system: Triglyceride reduction — one small pilot RCT result; limited evidence.
• Immune and inflammatory pathways: COX-2, TNF-α, and RANKL modulation — in vitro and animal data.
• Skin / Integumentary system: Collagen synthesis upregulation, UVB photoprotection — cell-based data.
• Antimicrobial: Antifungal and antibacterial activity against multiple pathogens — in vitro data only.

6. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages

Currently, L. pumila is manufactured in the form of tonics or capsules by local companies, and various claims have been made that L. pumila can improve the well-being of women.

The following dosages have appeared specifically in published research:

• In the published randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study, a water extract of Labisia pumila var. alata was administered at 280 mg/day, given for 6 months in postmenopausal Malay women.
• In the postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model, ovariectomized animals were given either 20 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg of L. pumila.
• In the bone biomechanical strength rat study, LPva was administered via oral gavage daily at a dose of 17.5 mg/kg.

No established pharmacopeial or regulatory monograph specifying a standard human clinical dose has been identified in the peer-reviewed literature. All dosages reported above are as stated in specific published studies and are not general recommendations.

7. Safety Considerations and Drug Interactions

General Safety in Pilot Human Studies

Earlier research showed that Labisia pumila has an estrogenic-like effect. A randomized, placebo-controlled study was designed to look at the safety profile of Labisia pumila water extract on postmenopausal women. Pre-study screening and assessment included hematological, liver and renal function, chest x-ray, ECG, mammography, and Pap smear. The study duration was six months with visits every two months. During each visit, participants were asked about any side effects of medication or occurrence of per vaginal bleeding. The broader safety database for use in humans remains limited, as research on its safety should be expanded to prepare for clinical applications.

Herb–Drug Interactions via CYP450 Enzymes

The most thoroughly characterized safety concern identified in peer-reviewed research relates to the potential of L. pumila constituents to inhibit cytochrome P450 enzymes, with consequences for the metabolism of co-administered drugs.

The extract of L. pumila showed a significant time-dependent inhibition (TDI) of CYP3A4, reversible inhibition of CYP2C9 and 2C19, and a weak inhibition of 1A2 and 2D6, as well as an inhibition of P-gp and rifampicin-induced PXR activation. The alkyl phenols inhibited CYP3A4 (TDI), CYP2C9, and 2C19 (reversible), while saponins inhibited P-gp and PXR. In conclusion, L. pumila and its constituents showed significant modulation of all three regulatory proteins (CYPs, P-gp, and PXR), suggesting a potential to alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of conventional drugs if used concomitantly.

At the level of specific isolated constituents: the methanolic extract and alkyl phenolic compounds showed dose-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4, 2C9, and 2C19, while saponins did not affect the activity of these enzymes. Out of the alkyl phenols, 5-[10(Z)-pentadecenyl]-resorcinol was effective in inhibiting CYP3A4 and 2C9 with IC50 values of 4.1 ± 0.2 and 11 ± 0.8 μM, respectively, while belamcandol B inhibited CYP2C19 with an IC50 value of 2.2 ± 0.6 μM.

The dichloromethane (DCM) extract of Labisia pumila exhibited potent inhibition of tolbutamide 4-methylhydroxylation mediated by cytochrome P450 2C9 with a Ki value of less than 1 μg/ml. These findings carry particular relevance for drugs with narrow therapeutic indices that are primarily metabolized by CYP3A4, CYP2C9, or CYP2C19 — such as warfarin, certain anticonvulsants, and oral hypoglycemics — though clinical confirmation of these in vitro interactions has not been established.

Due to the increasing popularity and widespread use of herbal supplements throughout the world, there is a potential risk of herb–drug interactions when these supplements are taken in combination with conventional drugs, as there is often limited standardization of dose of herbal supplements taken. This is evident from increasing reports of clinical cases of toxicity caused by herb–drug interactions. Early identification of drug interaction potential of herbal supplements and their constituents will aid in lowering the risk of herb–drug interactions.

Quality Control and Authentication

Lack of quality control (QC) measurement and assessment may cause different quality issues in M. pumilum-containing products, including adulteration by pharmaceutical substances, substitution, contamination, and misidentification with toxic plant species, which may be detrimental to consumers' health and safety.

Summary of Evidence Strength for Safety

All drug interaction data identified for L. pumila are from in vitro assay systems. In conclusion, Labisia pumila and its constituents showed significant modulation of all three regulatory proteins (CYPs, P-gp, and PXR), suggesting a potential to alter the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of conventional drugs if used concomitantly. No controlled clinical pharmacokinetic interaction studies in humans have been published. The in vitro signal, however, is sufficiently strong to represent a plausible risk requiring monitoring in future studies.

8. Current Research Gaps and Evidence Summary

Despite its long history of traditional use, the active components and mode of action have not been well studied, though some preliminary research has been published.

As summarized by the 2024 comprehensive review: L. pumila is a renowned traditional ethnic medicine with numerous pharmacological activities attributed to its bioactive components. However, isolation and identification of the chemical components in L. pumila can be a focus of future research. Current studies have focused only on the effects of LP on estrogen deficiency-related diseases in women and bone diseases. There is no scientific evidence for other traditional uses. Therefore, it is important to further explore its pharmacological activities and fill the research gaps related to other traditional uses. Furthermore, research on its safety should be expanded to prepare clinical applications.

References

• Comprehensive review: Traditional uses, botany, phytochemistry, pharmacology and applications of Labisia pumila — PubMed (2024)
• The Effect of Labisia pumila var. alata on Postmenopausal Women: A Pilot Study — PMC (2012)
• Efficacy of Labisia pumila and Eurycoma longifolia standardised extracts on hot flushes, quality of life, hormone and lipid profile of peri-menopausal and menopausal women: a randomised, placebo-controlled study — PMC (2020)
• Evaluation of drug interaction potential of Labisia pumila (Kacip Fatimah) and its constituents — PMC / Frontiers in Pharmacology (2014)
• The Anti-Inflammatory, Phytoestrogenic, and Antioxidative Role of Labisia pumila in Prevention of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis — PMC (2012)
• Labisia pumila Prevents Complications of Osteoporosis by Increasing Bone Strength in a Rat Model of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis — PMC (2012)
• Time and Dose-Dependent Effects of Labisia pumila on Bone Oxidative Status of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis Rat Model — PMC (2014)
• Time and dose-dependent effects of Labisia pumila on the bone strength of postmenopausal osteoporosis rat model — PMC (2015)
• A Review on Therapeutic Effects of Labisia pumila on Female Reproductive Diseases — PubMed / BioMed Research International (2021)
• Antifungal, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxicity activities of three varieties of Labisia pumila Benth: From microwave obtained extracts — PMC (2013)
• Antiproliferative and Proapoptotic Effects of Labisia pumila Ethanol Extract and Its Active Fraction in Human Melanoma HM3KO Cells — PMC (2012)
• Labisia pumila var. alata Extract Induces Apoptosis Cell Death by Inhibiting the Activity of Oestrogen Receptors in MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells — PMC (2025)
• Alkenylresorcinols and cytotoxic activity of the constituents isolated from Labisia pumila — ScienceDirect / Phytochemistry (2012)
• Inhibitory effects of cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19 and CYP3A4 by Labisia pumila extracts — ScienceDirect (2012)
• Labisia pumila — Wikipedia
• The Correct Scientific Name for Kacip Fatimah is Labisia pumila (Primulaceae), not Marantodes pumilum — ResearchGate (2025)
• Authentication of Marantodes pumilum (Blume) Kuntze: A Systematic Review — Frontiers in Pharmacology (2022)
• Labisia pumila (Blume) Fern.-Vill. — GBIF Species Page
• Labisia pumila regulates bone-related gene expressions in postmenopausal osteoporosis model — BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2013)