Pelvetia canaliculata

Pelvetia canaliculata (Channelled Wrack): A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity, Taxonomy, and Botanical Description

Pelvetia canaliculata (L.) Dcne. et Thur. is a marine brown macroalga within the family Fucaceae (order Fucales, class Phaeophyceae, division Ochrophyta). The channelled wrack, as it is commonly known, is a very common brown alga found on the rocks of the upper shores of Europe, and it is the only species remaining in the monotypic genus Pelvetia. In 1999, the other members of this genus were reclassified as Silvetia due to differences of oogonium structure and of nucleic acid sequences of the rDNA.

The accepted full binomial name is Pelvetia canaliculata (Linnaeus) Decaisne & Thuret. It is sometimes listed under its older synonymous designation. Common names include channelled wrack, channel wrack, and, in Irish Gaelic, dúlamán. In the INCI (International Nomenclature of Cosmetic Ingredients) system used in cosmetics regulation, it appears as Pelvetia canaliculata extract or Pelvetia canaliculata (algae) extract.

Abundant on sheltered rocky shores of the North-East Atlantic, Pelvetia forms a distinct horizontal band along the upper fringe in the intertidal zone, between maritime lichens and Fucus spp. It is a perennial species, characterized by dichotomously branching thalli 10–15 cm in length, forming narrow channels — hence the name "channelled wrack." The plant grows to a maximum length of 15 centimetres in dense tufts; the fronds are deeply channelled on one side, and these channels together with a mucus layer help prevent the seaweed from drying out when the tide is out. It is irregularly dichotomously branched with terminal receptacles, and is dark brown in colour. Each branch is of uniform width and without a midrib. The receptacles are forked at the tips. It is distinguished from other large brown algae by the channels along the frond. It has no midrib, no air vesicles, and no cryptostomata.

P. canaliculata has inrolled fronds to conserve water and can dehydrate down to a brittle, shrivelled state where it has lost up to 95% of its water content, yet it can still recover when wetted once again by a high tide or spray. The species is one of the organisms most successfully adapted to intertidal conditions; inhabiting the high intertidal zone, Pelvetia spends most of its life exposed to air, where it is subjected to desiccation, light, and temperature stresses.

Geographical Range

Pelvetia canaliculata is common on the Atlantic shores of Europe from Iceland to Spain, including Norway, Ireland, Great Britain, the Netherlands, France, and Portugal. Based on mitochondrial DNA and species distribution models, Neiva et al. (2016) investigated the geographical history of Pelvetia, suggesting that the species experienced a substantial post-glacial latitudinal range shift, with models revealing possible past habitats in southern Morocco, and that populations at its southern limit could be at risk from climate change.

Common Forms and Preparations

In commercial applications, P. canaliculata appears in several forms:

• Freeze-dried powder: Used directly as a dietary supplement or aquafeed ingredient, either as freeze-dried powder or as residual biomass after extraction processes.
• Solvent extracts: Extracts of Pelvetia canaliculata are obtained primarily through solvent extraction methods, which are designed to preserve the bioactive compounds present in the seaweed.
• Dried whole thallus: The juicy tips of channel wrack are used as additions to salads, stir fries, sandwiches, quiches, pies, and soups, and as a thickening, flavouring agent for broths and stews. The seaweed may also be dehydrated before grinding into a powder, or toasted as a snack.
• Topical preparations: Poultices and cream formulations incorporating the extract, primarily for cosmetic or dermatological application.
• Enriched oils: The macroalga has been incorporated directly into sunflower oil to increase oxidative stability and biological value.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

Historically, this resilient marine plant has played a valuable role in traditional medicine, particularly in coastal regions of Europe. Seaweeds including Pelvetia canaliculata have been consumed in coastal communities for their nutritional benefits, particularly as sources of minerals, vitamins, and dietary fibre.

Ireland

Pelvetia canaliculata — known in Irish as dúlamán — has been recorded as a source of sustenance in Ireland during times of famine. In Gaelic literature and folklore from the 18th and 19th centuries, dúlamán featured in descriptions of coastal life, often symbolising sustenance and labour in works depicting rural Irish communities, such as accounts of seaweed harvesting in Donegal and Connemara traditions preserved in oral narratives and early ethnographic texts. Traditional usage distinguished two varieties: dúlamán Gaeilge (Irish dúlamán, associated with eating and nutrition) and dúlamán maorach (stately or sheriff's dúlamán, used for dyeing fabrics), highlighting their distinct practical roles.

Scotland and Broader Atlantic Europe

Seaweeds have a long history in Scotland of being harvested for commercial purposes. Historically, wrack seaweeds were harvested to extract iodine, produce alginates, and used as a food source. The brown wrack seaweeds are high in iodine and have historically been used for goitre.

Folk Medicine

Folk remedies frequently employed Pelvetia canaliculata as a tonic to bolster the immune system, enhance energy, and support healthy digestion. Its mucilaginous texture was thought to soothe the digestive tract, making it a gentle remedy for stomach complaints and inflammatory conditions. Historical references suggest its application in poultices or baths to address inflammatory conditions such as rheumatism and skin irritations. Extracts and poultices were also applied topically to the skin to accelerate wound healing and reduce inflammation.

Livestock Feed

Pelvetia canaliculata has been traditionally used to feed livestock animals. This practice, common in coastal communities of northern Europe, reflects the seaweed's nutritional density and broad availability.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

Pelvetia canaliculata has been the subject of comparatively few detailed phytochemical studies relative to other intertidal brown macroalgae. Nonetheless, it is understood to present high levels of sulphated polysaccharides, alginic acid, and polyphenols, associated with antioxidant activities.

Polysaccharides

• Fucoidan (Fucan sulphates): Fucoidans are a family of high molecular weight sulphated polysaccharides in the Mr range 8×10⁵–10⁶, widely dispersed in brown seaweed cell walls. When extracted from several brown algae, they exhibit anticoagulant properties. The main constituents are α-1,4 and α-1,2 linked L-fucose sulphates, although galactose also occurs, and there are many variations of the basic structure found in different species of Phaeophyta. Cell walls isolated from Pelvetia canaliculata and related Fucales have been found to contain various fucans — including free fucans released upon cell wall isolation, and fucans extracted by sequential chemical treatment — present in a continuous spectrum of compounds, from high-uronic-, low-sulphate- and fucose-containing polymers to highly sulphated homofucans.
• Alginic acid (alginate): The thallus of P. canaliculata is entirely covered by a mucilaginous layer mainly composed of sulphated polysaccharides, while alginic acid is the main constituent of the cell wall.
• Mannitol: The chemical composition of brown algae includes compounds such as fucoidan, mannitol, and especially phlorotannins — a group of phenolic derivatives found predominantly in brown algae.

Phlorotannins (Polyphenols)

Phlorotannins are a group of complex polymers found in particular brown macroalgae, composed solely of the monomer phloroglucinol (1,3,5-trihydroxybenzene). Their structural complexity arises from the number of possible linkage positions between each monomer unit. Natural phlorotannins represent complex mixtures of water-soluble oligo- and polymerization products of phloroglucinol, with molecular sizes ranging from 126 Da (monomer molecule) to 650 kDa. Based on their structure (i.e., the types of inter-monomer chemical bonds), these compounds can be split into four classes: fuhalols and phlorethols with ether linkages; phenyl-linked fucols; fucophlorethols, which possess both ether and phenyl linkages; and dibenzodioxin-linked eckols and carmalols.

A study profiling the phlorotannin metabolite composition in Ascophyllum nodosum, Pelvetia canaliculata, and Fucus spiralis using UPLC-MS with a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer found that phlorotannin-enriched fractions from water and aqueous ethanol extracts were analysed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Ascophyllum nodosum and P. canaliculata appeared to contain predominantly larger phlorotannins (degree of polymerisation of 6–13 monomers) compared to F. spiralis (DP of 4–6 monomers).

Blades of P. canaliculata contain approximately 8% DW of intracellular phlorotannins and 0.4% DW of cell wall-bound phlorotannins. Dibenzodioxin bonding has been identified as the principal structural feature of cell wall-bound phlorotannins in fucoid algae such as P. canaliculata, whereas soluble intracellular phlorotannins rely on aryl and ether bonds.

Carotenoids and Pigments

As a brown alga, P. canaliculata contains the signature pigment fucoxanthin alongside chlorophylls a and c. Metabolic adjustment of P. canaliculata to emersion includes accumulation of soluble carbohydrates, various phenolic compounds including intracellular phlorotannins, and fatty acids. Effective de-epoxidation of the xanthophyll cycle observed in P. canaliculata constitutes an important photoprotective mechanism in this species, which receives high doses of solar radiation during tidal emersion.

Lipids and Fatty Acids

The chemical composition of seaweeds including P. canaliculata may include high contents of vitamins, minerals, and non-starch polysaccharides, moderate amounts of protein (10 to 30 g/100 g DW), and low lipid contents (0.3 to 7.2 g/100 g DW).

Minerals and Trace Elements

Seaweeds are rich in useful metabolites such as pigments, carotenoids, phlorotannins, and polyunsaturated fatty acids, as well as minerals including iodine, zinc, sodium, calcium, manganese, iron, and selenium. Iodine is a notably significant mineral constituent of Pelvetia canaliculata, and is crucial for thyroid function and metabolic regulation.

Amino Acids and Vitamins

Like all algae, Pelvetia canaliculata contains trace elements, vitamins, and amino acids. Algae are known to be a source of valuable natural compounds, namely polysaccharides, vitamins, proteins, steroids, dietary fibres, and natural antioxidants, which can be applied to cosmetics, food production, and food supplements.

4. Established Mechanisms of Action

Antioxidant Activity

Several studies have reported high levels of bioactive capacities of extracts from P. canaliculata biomass; these have mostly been attributed to phenolic and polysaccharide contents. Pelvetia extracts notably display strong antioxidant activity, possibly related to compounds accumulated due to the multiple stresses it experiences at its natural position in the extreme upper intertidal zone. Phlorotannins, the dominating secondary metabolites of brown algae, also contribute to the resilience of intertidal fucoids. These phenolic compounds have considerable UV-protective and antioxidant capacities, and thus may provide chemical defence against high light and temperature stress during low tide.

Similar to the polyphenols of vascular plants, phlorotannins exhibit pronounced antioxidant properties, clearly manifested with high antioxidant capacity and reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging activity comparable to those of ascorbic acid, butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and propyl gallate. A link between the degree of phlorotannin polymerisation/isomerisation and antioxidant activity has been established, with a higher degree of structural complexity potentially leading to lower activity.

Anticoagulant Activity (Fucoidan Pathway)

The chemical degradation of a crude fucoidan extract from Pelvetia canaliculata was undertaken to obtain a low molecular weight polysaccharide (Mr 20,000 ±5,000); its anticoagulant potency was investigated through the inhibition of factor IIa and factor Xa in the presence of antithrombin III or heparin cofactor II. These polysaccharide fractions inhibit thrombin by catalysing both serpins (antithrombin and heparin cofactor II) according to their chemical structures and origins. The results of related research have shown that inhibitory effects of fucans on both coagulation and cell proliferation are dependent on their degree of sulfation.

Heavy Metal Sequestration

The main functional groups on the surface of P. canaliculata responsible for binding metals, as determined by FTIR analysis, are weakly acidic carboxylic groups and strongly acidic sulfonic groups. Research using P. canaliculata harvested from the north coast of Portugal as a biosorbent found maximum biosorption capacities of 1.24 (copper), 0.96 (lead), 0.91 (zinc), 0.79 (cadmium), and 0.71 (nickel) mmol g⁻¹ at pH 5.0, without pre-treatment.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Antioxidant and Oxidative Stress Protection

Evidence level: Preliminary — in vitro and laboratory studies only; no human clinical trials.

Connan et al. (2007) demonstrated that the antioxidant capacity (evaluated by DPPH assay) of P. canaliculata generally paralleled phenol contents. From a scientific perspective, Pelvetia canaliculata is rich in bioactive compounds, including polysaccharides, polyphenols, and antioxidants. Laboratory analyses have identified its potential for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, which are considered beneficial for health maintenance. All current data come from laboratory analyses; no controlled human studies have been conducted on the antioxidant effects of P. canaliculata preparations in vivo.

5.2 Neuroprotection (Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Disease Models)

Evidence level: Preliminary — in vitro cell culture studies only; no animal or human clinical data.

A study (Meshalkina et al., published 2023) assessed the anti-neurodegenerative activity of phlorotannins extracted from F. vesiculosus and Pelvetia canaliculata in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. The extracts of both brown algae showed modest but significant protective effects in the paraquat cell model of Parkinson's disease. Specifically, intracellular phlorotannins of F. vesiculosus significantly improved the viability of paraquat-treated cells only at the highest concentration tested (10 µg/mL), which was toxic to control cells not treated with paraquat, whereas the extract of P. canaliculata demonstrated a protective effect at all concentrations tested.

In the Aβ25–35 cell model of Alzheimer's disease, tested extracts of brown algae demonstrated well-pronounced protective activity, with cell viability restored to almost control levels. Solutions containing the extracts were applied to the cells for 0.5 h prior to the addition of Aβ25–35. In these experiments, the extracts of P. canaliculata demonstrated more pronounced protective activities at all concentrations, whereas extracts of F. vesiculosus exhibited protective effect only at the highest concentrations (5 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL).

The cell wall-bound phlorotannins of P. canaliculata appeared to be softer antioxidants, stronger antibacterial agents, and were featured with essentially less cytotoxicity in comparison to the intracellular fraction. However, the neuroprotective effects of both sub-cellular phlorotannin fractions of F. vesiculosus and P. canaliculata were essentially similar. Due to their lower cytotoxicity, cell wall-bound phlorotannins can be considered as promising antioxidants and neuroprotectors. These findings remain purely in vitro, and no animal or human data are available.

5.3 Antimicrobial Activity

Evidence level: Preliminary — in vitro studies only; no clinical evidence.

To the best of the authors' knowledge (Meshalkina et al., 2023), a study addressed for the first time the antioxidant, cytotoxic, neuroprotective, and antibacterial properties of the cell wall-bound phlorotannin fractions isolated from Fucus vesiculosus and Pelvetia canaliculata. The study addressed the antioxidant, antimicrobial and neuroprotective (antineurodegenerative) effects of the cell wall fractions isolated from F. vesiculosus and P. canaliculata thalli and compared their properties with their soluble counterparts. There is preliminary evidence suggesting that extracts of Pelvetia canaliculata may possess antimicrobial and cytoprotective effects, as demonstrated in in vitro studies. No minimum inhibitory concentration data or clinical infection data specific to P. canaliculata have been published in peer-reviewed literature accessible to this review.

5.4 Anticoagulant and Cardiovascular Activity

Evidence level: Preliminary — in vitro biochemical studies; no human clinical trials.

Fucoidans extracted from several brown algae exhibit anticoagulant properties. The chemical degradation of a crude extract from Pelvetia canaliculata was undertaken to obtain a low molecular weight polysaccharide (Mr 20,000 ±5,000) with the purpose of possible clinical use. Its anticoagulant potency was investigated through the inhibition of factor IIa and factor Xa in the presence of antithrombin III or heparin cofactor II. These studies, originating from the early 1990s, established the mechanistic basis for potential anticoagulant use but have not been followed by human clinical trials specific to P. canaliculata fucoidan.

5.5 Nutritional Supplementation and Food Applications

Evidence level: Observational and laboratory — no controlled human supplementation trials.

The high content of iodine and other trace minerals in P. canaliculata supports its use as a functional food ingredient for nutritional supplementation, particularly in populations with low seafood intake. Algae are known to be a source of valuable natural compounds, including polysaccharides, vitamins, proteins, steroids, dietary fibres, and natural antioxidants, which can be applied to cosmetics, food production, and food supplements.

A 2023 aquaculture study examined the incorporation of P. canaliculata into gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) feed. The study evaluated the effect of incorporating algae powder (at 1% and 10% inclusion levels) and algae waste obtained after sunflower oil supplementation in aquafeeds for gilthead seabream, studying growth performance, haematological profile, oxidative stress and metabolic parameters, and intestinal histomorphology. Experimental diets did not influence growth performance or somatic indexes, and barely affected the haematological profile. This finding suggests that P. canaliculata can be incorporated into feed without adverse effects at moderate inclusion levels, though it is an animal study rather than a human dietary study.

5.6 Skin and Cosmetic Applications

Evidence level: In vitro and observational; limited independent clinical evidence for skin-specific claims.

The presence of iodine and trace elements in P. canaliculata preparations is associated with a proposed firming action on tissues, through activation of physiological mechanisms at the level of collagen and elastin fibres present in the deeper layers of the skin, with improved elasticity and tone. Applied to skin, the extract is reported to exert antioxidant, soothing, and hydrating effects. Its antioxidant ability is described as particularly effective at neutralising the damage from airborne metallic pollutants. Pelvetia canaliculata is also noted as a rich source of amino acids, carotenoids, and polyphenolic compounds. These claims are based largely on in vitro data and cosmetic industry testing rather than independently published randomised controlled trials.

5.7 Anti-inflammatory Activity

Evidence level: Weak — extrapolated from related species; no direct clinical evidence for P. canaliculata.

While Pelvetia canaliculata has a tradition of use for inflammation, scientific support remains weak and largely extrapolated from studies on other brown algae. Its anti-inflammatory use is thus justified by tradition rather than by direct scientific validation.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas of Association

Based on available chemical, in vitro, and traditional evidence, Pelvetia canaliculata has been associated with the following body systems and health areas:

• Thyroid and Metabolic System: Due to its iodine content, it has been historically associated with support of thyroid function and metabolic regulation. Brown wrack seaweeds have historically been used for goitre — a condition of iodine deficiency.
• Cardiovascular System: The fucoidan fraction has demonstrated anticoagulant properties in vitro through inhibition of thrombin-related clotting factors.
• Nervous System: Cell culture studies have indicated neuroprotective effects in models of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease pathology, attributed to phlorotannin constituents.
• Digestive System: The mucilaginous, fibre-rich character of the thallus has been associated traditionally with digestive comfort and motility support.
• Skin and Integumentary System: Extracts are widely used in cosmetics for proposed antioxidant, hydrating, and anti-ageing properties.
• Immune System: Polysaccharide constituents, especially fucoidan, are studied for immunomodulatory potential, though no P. canaliculata-specific human data exist.
• Musculoskeletal System: Traditional use in poultices for rheumatism has been recorded, though no scientific evidence supports this claim directly.

7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages

As of the available published literature, there are no established clinical dosing guidelines for Pelvetia canaliculata as a dietary supplement, and no human pharmacokinetic or dose-finding studies have been published. The dosages reported in the scientific literature relate exclusively to laboratory, extraction, or animal research contexts:

• In vitro neuroprotection studies: Phlorotannin extracts of P. canaliculata were tested in cell culture at concentrations including 5 µg/mL and 10 µg/mL; the extract demonstrated protective effects across all tested concentrations in paraquat and Aβ25–35 cell models.
• Fucoidan anticoagulant studies: Research derived a low molecular weight polysaccharide fraction from P. canaliculata with a molecular weight of approximately Mr 20,000 ±5,000 for the purpose of potential clinical use; however, no human clinical dosage was established.
• Aquaculture feed supplementation: In aquafeed studies, algae powder was incorporated at 1% and 10% inclusion levels in feed formulations for gilthead seabream.
• Oil enrichment: Ethanolic extracts of P. canaliculata were supplemented at concentrations ranging from 0% to 1% (m/v) in coating solutions for food applications.

Despite these promising attributes in laboratory settings, clinical studies involving human participants are still limited. Most of the current data come from laboratory or animal research, and further well-controlled clinical trials are needed to substantiate the health claims associated with Pelvetia canaliculata.

8. Safety Considerations and Interactions

Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation

Seaweeds, including Pelvetia canaliculata, tend to accumulate heavy metals (such as arsenic) and iodine. Research has specifically characterised this species for its exceptional capacity to bind metal ions. Studies found that P. canaliculata showed maximum biosorption capacities for copper (1.24 mmol/g), lead (0.96 mmol/g), zinc (0.91 mmol/g), cadmium (0.79 mmol/g), and nickel (0.71 mmol/g) at pH 5.0. The functional groups responsible for metal binding are weakly acidic carboxylic groups and strongly acidic sulfonic groups; the combined amount of sulfonic and carboxylic groups is 1.0 mmol/g and 1.5 mmol/g, respectively. This high metal-binding capacity means that material harvested from contaminated coastal waters could carry clinically significant levels of heavy metals. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has requested more knowledge on the safety issues of seaweed and macroalgae consumption regarding iodine and other metals present. The concentrations of heavy metals in edible seaweed are generally below toxic levels; however, levels of arsenic, cadmium, and copper may exceed toxic levels.

Iodine Content and Thyroid Function

The iodine content of brown wrack seaweeds, including P. canaliculata, presents the most clinically documented safety consideration. Different types of seaweed vary widely in iodine content, ranging from 16–8,165 mg/kg dry weight, with most brown algae being particularly rich. Excessive iodine consumption — possible with high or prolonged intake of iodine-rich seaweeds — can disrupt thyroid function in susceptible individuals, either precipitating or worsening hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism.

Anticoagulant Interactions

Given that fucoidan fractions derived from P. canaliculata have demonstrated anticoagulant properties in vitro through inhibition of clotting factors IIa and Xa, there is a theoretically plausible basis for interactions with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications (e.g., warfarin, heparin, aspirin). No human interaction studies have been published, but this risk merits consideration in vulnerable individuals.

Phlorotannin Cytotoxicity at High Concentrations

To obtain the range of non-toxic and low-toxic concentrations of algal extracts, cytotoxicity was assessed in differentiated SH-SY5Y cell culture across a broad concentration range (from 1 to 100 µg/mL). Dose-effect curves were obtained and LD50 values could be assessed. Cell wall-bound phlorotannin extracts showed slightly lower toxicity (LD50 values were determined) compared to soluble intracellular fractions. These findings indicate that, at sufficiently high concentrations, phlorotannin-rich extracts can be cytotoxic in vitro, though the relevance to oral supplementation at typical doses is unknown.

Harvesting Location and Contamination Risk

Some brown macroalgae including Pelvetia canaliculata can remove transition metal ions from petrochemical wastewaters, demonstrating the seaweed's capacity to concentrate pollutants from its surrounding environment. Seaweed harvested from industrially impacted coastlines may therefore contain elevated levels of contaminants. Quality control of harvesting location and batch testing for heavy metals and arsenic are relevant safety considerations for any commercial preparation.

Absence of Established Toxicological Profile in Humans

No formal toxicology studies (acute, subchronic, or chronic) specific to Pelvetia canaliculata or its extracts in humans have been published in the peer-reviewed literature. No regulatory body (NIH, EFSA, EMA, or Codex Alimentarius) has issued a specific safety opinion or tolerable upper intake level for this species. It is not included in the German Commission E monographs, ESCOP monographs, or WHO monographs on herbal medicines as of the available evidence base.

9. Summary of Evidence Strength

• Established: Identity, taxonomy, and chemical composition (polysaccharides, phlorotannins, minerals) — well described in peer-reviewed phycology literature.
• Established (in vitro): Anticoagulant fucoidan activity via factor IIa/Xa inhibition; antioxidant activity via DPPH and FRAP assays; neuroprotective effects in Aβ and paraquat cell models.
• Preliminary / limited: Antimicrobial activity; anti-inflammatory effects; skin and cosmetic bioactivity.
• Traditional only / unverified by science: Use for rheumatism, goitre support, direct immune tonic effects.
• Absent: Controlled human clinical trials for any indication; established clinical dosage; formal pharmacokinetic characterisation in humans.

References

• Concise review of the macroalgal species Pelvetia canaliculata (Linnaeus) Decaisne & Thuret — Journal of Applied Phycology (Springer, 2022)
• First Insight into the Neuroprotective and Antibacterial Effects of Phlorotannins Isolated from the Cell Walls of Brown Algae Fucus vesiculosus and Pelvetia canaliculata — Antioxidants (PMC, 2023)
• Metabolic Adjustment of High Intertidal Alga Pelvetia canaliculata to the Tidal Cycle Includes Oscillations of Soluble Carbohydrates, Phlorotannins, and Citric Acid Content — International Journal of Molecular Sciences (PMC, 2023)
• Proximate Composition and Fatty Acid Profile of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata) Fed with Pelvetia canaliculata-Supplemented Diets — Foods (PMC, 2023)
• Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Compounds from Pelvetia canaliculata to Sunflower Oil — PMC (2021)
• Marine Macroalgae Polyphenols as Potential Neuroprotective Antioxidants in Neurodegenerative Diseases — PMC (2023)
• Anticoagulant properties of a fucoidan fraction (Colliec et al., 1991) — Thrombosis Research, ScienceDirect
• Anticoagulant properties of a fucoïdan fraction — PubMed (PMID 1811335)
• Fucoidan anticoagulant activity review citing Colliec et al. 1994 — Thrombosis and Haemostasis (Thieme)
• UPLC-MS profiling of low molecular weight phlorotannin polymers in Ascophyllum nodosum, Pelvetia canaliculata, and Fucus spiralis — Metabolomics (Springer, 2013)
• Pelvetia — Wikipedia
• Marine macroalgae Pelvetia canaliculata (Phaeophyceae) as a natural cation exchanger for cadmium and lead ions — Chemical Engineering Journal (ScienceDirect)
• Application of the Nernst–Planck approach to lead ion exchange in Ca-loaded Pelvetia canaliculata — Water Research (ScienceDirect)
• Pelvetia canaliculata — Overview, ScienceDirect Topics
• Iodine Bioavailability and Accumulation of Arsenic and Cadmium in Rats Fed Sugar Kelp (Saccharina latissima) — PMC (2022)
• Seaweed Pelvetia canaliculata as a Source of Bioactive Compounds for Application in Fried Pre-Coated Mackerel Fillets — Applied Sciences (2025)