Rosmanol

Rosmanol: A Comprehensive Reference Article

1. Identity: Botanical Source, Chemical Classification, and Names

Rosmanol is a naturally occurring phenolic diterpene lactone belonging to the abietane-type diterpenoid class. It was first identified as a new antioxidant phenolic diterpene isolated from the leaves of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). The compound's initial structure was proposed by Nakatani and Inatani in 1981, with a full structural report published in 1982. The structure of rosmanol was subsequently revised: it was isolated from the flowers of Salvia canariensis and its structure confirmed as 7α,11,12-trihydroxyabieta-8,11,13-trien-20-oic acid 20,6-lactone, on the basis of chemical evidence and X-ray diffraction analysis.

Compared to its closely related congeners, carnosic acid has a –COOH group at C20 and carnosol has a lactone ring across the B ring, while rosmanol has a –OH (hydroxyl) group at C7. These compounds belong to ortho-diphenolic diterpenes with an abietane scaffold, which consists of a fused six-membered tricyclic ring system, where one of the rings is aromatic.

Rosmanol, a phenolic diterpene, was first isolated from the leaves of rosemary by Inatani et al. in the year 1982. Rosmanol is a typical antioxidant of rosemary leaves, but has also been isolated from Canary Island sage (Salvia canariensis). The compound has additionally been isolated from the aerial parts of Salvia mellifera, together with related compounds including carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmadial, galdosol, and isorosmanol.

Rosmanol is a phenolic diterpene lactone commonly found in various plants belonging to the Lamiaceae and Fabaceae families. Isorosmanol, rosmanol, carnosol, 11,12-di-O-methylisorosmanol, carnosic acid, and 12-O-methylcarnosic acid are among the main phenolic diterpenes found in the leaves of rosemary grown in the Mediterranean region.

1.1 Botanical Source

Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) is a widely consumed aromatic plant that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. The taxonomy of rosemary was revised in 2017, when it was moved from the genus Rosmarinus to Salvia and reclassified from Rosmarinus officinalis to Salvia rosmarinus. Native to the dry and rocky areas of the Mediterranean region, it has been introduced and cultivated across Europe, Asia, and the Americas.

Spain is the main producer of rosemary in the world for commercial purposes, followed by France, Italy, and Tunisia. The content of phenolic diterpenes in rosemary varies during the vegetation season, as well as due to abiotic factors such as relative water content of the leaf, high solar radiation, and temperature.

1.2 Common Forms and Preparations

Rosmanol is not typically sold as a standalone isolated compound for general consumers, but is present within and co-extracted with rosemary-derived products. In early laboratory isolation work, dried rosemary leaves were extracted with n-hexane and the extract was steam distilled, followed by fractionation; the weakly acidic fraction of non-volatile components was then purified by column chromatography.

Rosemary extract, specifically the type mainly consisting of carnosic acid and carnosol, is approved as a food preservative in several countries, having E number E392. Modern extraction approaches for rosemary phenolic diterpenes include supercritical fluid extraction (SFE). Optimization of accelerated solvent extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, and supercritical CO₂ extraction of rosemary has been studied using response surface methodology to obtain high amounts of carnosol and carnosic acid in extracts. SFE allows selective extraction of compounds with different polarities by using CO₂ alone or with a co-solvent modifier, enabling fractionation of rosemary constituents including phenolic diterpenes.

Researchers have identified glucuronide conjugates of carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmanol as main metabolites detected in plasma, liver, and gut following oral ingestion of rosemary extracts. In research settings, rosmanol is typically obtained as an isolated pure compound for in vitro and in vivo mechanistic studies.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

Although rosmanol as an isolated compound was only characterized scientifically in 1981–1982, its parent plant—rosemary—carries one of the most extensive records of traditional medicinal use in the world. The pharmacological actions now ascribed to rosmanol reflect many of the classical uses of rosemary itself.

The plant has been cultivated for thousands of years in the Mediterranean region, where it was valued for its culinary, medicinal, and symbolic properties. The Egyptians used rosemary in burial rituals, and traces have been found in tombs dating to 3000 BCE. In ancient Greece and Rome, rosemary was associated with memory and purification, often burned as incense, and thought to banish diseases and evil spirits. During the Middle Ages, rosemary was widely used in Europe to ward off illness and was often burned in homes and hospitals for purification.

The herb was naturalized in China as early as 220 CE, during the late Han dynasty. Rosemary came to England at an unknown date, though it is likely that the Romans brought it when they invaded Britain in 43 CE. Hungary water, dating to the 14th century, was one of the first alcohol-based perfumes in Europe and is primarily made from distilled rosemary.

Traditional Mediterranean medicine has long relied on rosemary, as a medicinal plant and culinary spice, for centuries to treat a variety of illnesses. Traditional uses of rosemary include helping alleviate muscle pain, improving memory, boosting the immune and circulatory system, and promoting hair growth. Rosemary was traditionally used to preserve meat due to its powerful antimicrobial properties.

The plant is known to be employed in traditional medicines in many countries even far beyond its native Mediterranean region where it grows wild. Among the pharmacologically validated medicinal uses of rosemary are antibacterial, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive, antioxidant, antithrombotic, antiulcerogenic, improving cognitive deficits, antidiuretic, and hepatoprotective effects.

The phenolic diterpene content—which includes rosmanol—is the biochemical basis underlying most of these traditional applications. Among the most important group of compounds isolated from rosemary are the abietane-type phenolic diterpenes that account for most of the antioxidant and many pharmacological activities of the plant.

3. Key Constituents, Chemical Context, and Mechanisms of Action

3.1 Rosmanol in the Rosemary Diterpene Cascade

Rosmanol exists as part of a biochemically interconnected group of abietane diterpenes in rosemary. Oxidation of carnosic acid can alternatively lead to rosmanol, which differs from carnosol in that it has a free hydroxyl group at the C-7 atom and that the γ-lactone is formed via C-20 and C-6 atoms. The three diterpenes form a very effective oxidation cascade, which is vital for rosemary's potent antioxidative activity. When carnosic acid is oxidized by free radicals, it forms a quinone derivative, which can then undergo isomerization, producing carnosol, or a redox reaction, yielding rosmanol. Thus, carnosic acid, while itself a potent antioxidant, can form two additional substances that also exhibit potent antioxidative activities. This mechanism probably represents the main reason behind the extraordinary antioxidative properties of rosemary.

3.2 Antioxidant Mechanisms

When compared to other rosemary compounds, rosmanol exhibits the lowest oxidation potential value, with an anodic peak potential (E_pa) value of 0.11 V, indicating that rosmanol has the highest antioxidant power, in good agreement with ORAC and lipid peroxidation experiments. The lipophilic nature of carnosol, carnosic acid, and rosmanol enhances their absorption and activity against oxidative stress related to the treatment of age-related diseases.

3.3 Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms

Rosmanol potently decreased the expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophage cells, effects that were mediated by inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3), CCAAT/enhancer binding protein (C/EBP), and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathways.

Rosmanol has also been found to inhibit not only the migration and proliferation of rat fibroblast-like synoviocytes, but also the endothelial tube formation of human umbilical vein endothelial cells, effects mediated via regulation of the C/EBP δ signaling pathway.

3.4 Anticancer Mechanisms

Rosmanol exhibits diverse anticancer effects by inducing cell cycle arrest, enhancing apoptosis and autophagy, and obstructing the signal transduction pathways that lead to tumor cell death. Overall findings from in vivo studies suggest that rosmanol confers antitumor protection primarily through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and pro-apoptotic actions via regulation of the Nrf2/NF-κB/PI3K/Akt signalling network.

3.5 Antiviral Mechanisms

Concerning its antiviral properties, rosmanol demonstrated significant binding affinities for the major protease and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 associated with SARS-CoV-2, and has been shown to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protease. These findings are based on computational (in silico) molecular docking studies and have not yet been confirmed in clinical trials.

3.6 Immunomodulatory and Allergy-related Mechanisms

With its ability to improve immune system function, rosmanol has been identified as a potentially promising agent for suppressing the main NF-κB pathway linked to allergic asthma.

3.7 In Silico Pharmacological Target Profiling

Because of their similar structure, the docking results for carnosic acid, carnosol, and rosmanol have been combined and analyzed together in inverse molecular docking studies, with the diterpene ligand with the best score for each individual protein considered. In silico ADMET profiling suggests that none of the compounds evaluated, including rosmanol, exhibit significant inhibition of major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, which suggests a low risk of drug–drug interactions related to CYP inhibition.

4. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

All evidence reviewed is preclinical (in vitro cell-based or in vivo animal model) unless explicitly stated otherwise. No randomized controlled clinical trials in humans with isolated rosmanol as the study compound have been identified in the peer-reviewed literature at time of writing.

4.1 Antioxidant Activity

Evidence type: In vitro electrochemical, ORAC, lipid peroxidation assays; comparative studies against synthetic antioxidants.

Rosmanol exhibits the lowest oxidation potential value among studied rosemary phenolic compounds, with an anodic peak potential of 0.11 V, indicating the highest antioxidant power, in good agreement with ORAC and lipid peroxidation experiments. Other findings showed that rosmanol presented a more effective antioxidant potential compared to synthetic antioxidants.

Evidence strength: Preliminary; limited to cell-free and in vitro systems. No human data are available for rosmanol in isolation.

4.2 Anti-inflammatory Activity

Evidence type: In vitro (macrophage cell lines, synoviocytes), in vivo (rodent models of edema and arthritis).

The anti-inflammatory effects of rosmanol have been investigated mainly in vitro with cell experiments. Rosmanol potently decreased the expression of iNOS and COX-2 in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells, mediated by inhibiting the activation of NF-κB, STAT-3, C/EBP, and MAPK signaling pathways.

In an in vivo collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model: in type II collagen-induced arthritis DBA/1 mice, rosmanol (40 mg/kg/d) alone alleviated RA symptoms including swelling, redness, and synovitis; decreased the arthritis index score; and downregulated serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels of IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α. Additionally, it blocked the activation of the TLR4/NF-κB/JNK and p38 MAPK pathways.

When rosmanol and carnosol were used in combination (20 mg/kg/d each), the anti-RA effect and inhibitory activity on the TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK pathway were significantly enhanced.

Evidence strength: Moderate preclinical evidence. In vitro mechanistic data are robust; the CIA mouse model provides supporting in vivo evidence. No human clinical trials are available specifically for isolated rosmanol.

4.3 Anticancer Activity

Evidence type: In vitro (multiple cancer cell lines), in vivo (rodent xenograft and carcinogen-induced models).

The anticancer activity of rosemary extract and its main polyphenols—including carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmarinic acid, rosmanol, methyl carnosate, and betulinic acid—has been well studied in in vitro and in vivo studies. Against colon and prostate cancer cells, rosemary extract and diterpenes inhibited cell viability and induced apoptosis and G2/M phase cell cycle arrest. The inhibition of cell migration and adhesion has also been reported. Rosemary extract and diterpenes also inhibited colon and prostate cancer xenograft in mice.

In a study of nasopharyngeal carcinoma: rosmanol is a phenolic diterpene antioxidant extracted from rosemary. It has been investigated for its anti-inflammatory and anti-tumor properties by numerous signaling cascades; however, the fundamental anticancer latent mechanism of rosmanol was regarded as not yet fully identified. Research sought to evaluate the anti-cancer efficacy of rosmanol on human NPC cells CNE2 using an in vitro approach.

In a chemically induced lung cancer model: rosmanol, a well-known phenolic diterpenoid derived from several medicinal plants especially rosemary, has been reported to exhibit potent anti-proliferative, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. A study investigated the antineoplastic potential of rosmanol against diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced lung cancer in a Wistar rat model by modulating the Nrf2/NF-κB/PI3K/Akt and COX-2/CYP2E1/VEGF signalling pathways. Rats were categorised into six experimental groups: normal control, DEN (150 mg/kg b.w., i.p.), DEN plus RML at different concentrations, and RML alone (20 mg/kg b.w.).

The anticancer activity of rosemary and its main derivatives has been correlated with diverse actions, including antioxidant effects, antiangiogenic properties, epigenetic action, regulation of immune response and anti-inflammatory response, alteration of hormone signaling, modification of specific metabolic pathways, and increased expression of onco-suppressor genes.

Molecular docking studies revealed rosmanol as one of the most promising HSP90AA1 binders with strong predicted affinities. ADMET profiling confirmed its drug-likeness and safety profile, while molecular dynamics simulations validated the stability of the compound–protein complexes, further supporting its potential as an HSP90 inhibitor.

Evidence strength: Preliminary to moderate. Mechanistic in vitro data are substantial across multiple cancer types; animal model data support anti-tumor activity in rodents. No human clinical trials with isolated rosmanol exist. The 2021 Herbmed Pharmacol review notes that there is convincing scientific evidence that carnosic acid and carnosol are promising anticancer agents, while rosmanol's individual role requires further clarification.

4.4 Neuroprotective Activity

Evidence type: In vitro and in vivo studies; in silico target identification; animal behavioral models.

Rosemary diterpenes, including rosmanol, have been shown in recent years to inhibit neuronal cell death induced by a variety of agents both in vitro and in vivo. This bioactive molecule has been reported to reduce anxiety, improve memory, and promote neuroprotection, based on preclinical studies.

Numerous in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated that rosemary extracts have potent ROS-scavenging, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotective properties, which play a significant role in mitigating the development and progression of neurodegenerative disorders.

Evidence strength: Preliminary. Studies are largely in vitro or in animal models with rosemary extract rather than isolated rosmanol. Rosmanol's specific contribution to observed neuroprotective effects remains incompletely separated from those of co-occurring compounds like carnosic acid and carnosol.

4.5 Antiviral Activity

Evidence type: In silico molecular docking (SARS-CoV-2 protease, HIV-1 protease).

Concerning its antiviral properties, rosmanol has demonstrated significant binding affinities for the major protease and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 associated with SARS-CoV-2, and has been shown to inhibit human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 protease.

Evidence strength: Very preliminary; computational/in silico only. No in vitro viral inhibition studies or human data are available.

4.6 Antidiabetic Activity

Evidence type: In vitro and in vivo animal studies with rosemary diterpenes.

Rosmanol has demonstrated significant pharmacological properties, including antidiabetic activity, as indicated by several in silico, in vivo, and in vitro studies. Carnosic acid and related diterpenes including rosmanol exhibit a wide variety of interesting biological properties, including antidiabetic properties, as well as neuroprotective effects.

Evidence strength: Preliminary. Findings are largely preclinical, and specific mechanistic studies dedicated to rosmanol's antidiabetic properties in isolation are limited in the published literature.

4.7 Antimicrobial Activity

Evidence type: In vitro antibacterial assays.

In vitro antioxidant and electrochemical studies on rosemary-derived compounds including rosmanol confirm their medicinal uses as natural preservatives for skin ageing or in pharmaceutical applications. Pharmacological effects of rosmanol, including antibacterial activity, have been documented across multiple published studies.

Evidence strength: Preliminary; limited to in vitro studies. No clinical antimicrobial data are available for isolated rosmanol.

4.8 Immunomodulatory and Anti-allergic Activity

Evidence type: In vitro pathway analyses; preclinical models.

With its ability to improve immune system function, rosmanol has been identified as a potentially promising drug for suppressing the main NF-κB pathway linked to allergic asthma.

Evidence strength: Very preliminary; mechanism-based hypothesis supported by in vitro data only.

5. Body Systems and Health Areas Associated with Rosmanol

• Immune and inflammatory system: Documented anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects through multiple published studies.
• Musculoskeletal system: Two natural phenolic diterpenoids, rosmanol and carnosol, were isolated from Callicarpa longissima and shown to alleviate RA symptoms in collagen-induced arthritis mouse models.
• Nervous system: Rosmanol has proved beneficial in reducing anxiety, improving memory, and promoting neuroprotection based on preclinical studies.
• Oncology (multiple systems): Research on the anticancer properties of rosmanol has focused on colon and prostate cancer cells, among other cancer types.
• Metabolic/endocrine system: Antidiabetic properties have been observed in preclinical studies involving rosemary diterpenes collectively.
• Respiratory system: Potential suppression of the NF-κB pathway linked to allergic asthma has been proposed based on in vitro studies.
• Cardiovascular system: Inhibition of endothelial tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells by rosmanol suggests a possible role in modulating angiogenesis.

6. Dosage Forms and Dosages Reported in Studies

No standardized or approved human dose for isolated rosmanol exists. The following are dosages used in preclinical experimental settings, as reported in published studies.

• Rheumatoid arthritis model (in vivo, mouse): In type II collagen-induced arthritis DBA/1 mice, both rosmanol and carnosol were administered at 40 mg/kg/d alone, demonstrating alleviation of RA symptoms, decreased arthritis index score, and downregulated pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-6, MCP-1, and TNF-α. When used in combination (20 mg/kg/d each), the anti-RA effect was significantly enhanced.
• Lung cancer model (in vivo, rat): Rats received DEN (150 mg/kg b.w., i.p.) and were also treated with rosmanol at different concentrations; the rosmanol-alone arm used 20 mg/kg b.w.
• Acute toxicity testing (in vivo, mouse): Rosmanol and carnosol in the dose range of 50–200 mg/kg/d did not exhibit any signs of acute toxicity in male Swiss mice.

With respect to bioavailability: glucuronide conjugates of rosmanol were detected as metabolites in plasma, liver, and gut; metabolites were detected as early as 25 minutes after oral administration and most of the compounds remained present at substantial concentrations (micromolar range) for several hours. The reported plasma concentrations of carnosic acid, carnosol, and their metabolites were in the micromolar range, indicating that absorption and bioavailability are likely not barriers for these components of rosemary extract.

With respect to pharmacokinetic profiling of rosmanol in silico: rosmanol shows moderate renal clearance values (5–15 mL/min/kg), with a value of 12.456 mL/min/kg. Rosmanol has higher plasma protein binding (PPB) values (greater than 90%), suggesting a potentially limited systemic bioavailability.

7. Safety Considerations

7.1 Acute Toxicity

Rosmanol and carnosol in the dose range of 50–200 mg/kg/d did not exhibit any signs of acute toxicity in male Swiss mice. The authors concluded they are safe for human consumption at those doses. This observation is drawn from a single preclinical study and has not been confirmed in human trials.

7.2 Cytochrome P450 and Drug Interaction Profile

In silico ADMET profiling data indicate that rosmanol does not exhibit significant inhibition of major cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, suggesting a low risk of drug–drug interactions related to CYP inhibition. This prediction is computational and has not been validated in human pharmacokinetic studies.

7.3 Evidence Limitations and Research Gaps

The 2025 comprehensive review published in Journal of Functional Foods (ScienceDirect) represents the first in-depth review specifically dedicated to rosmanol. The purpose of that review was to address research gaps regarding rosmanol, focusing on its natural origins, extraction methods, biological potential, and specific mechanisms of action.

All documented pharmacological and safety data for rosmanol derive from in vitro, in silico, or rodent in vivo studies. The existing body of evidence for isolated rosmanol specifically—as opposed to rosemary extract mixtures containing rosmanol alongside other active diterpenes—is limited. No randomized controlled clinical trials have been conducted with isolated rosmanol as the test compound, and therefore no human safety profile, maximum tolerable dose, or interaction profile can be established from the current evidence base.

The content of phenolic diterpenes including rosmanol in rosemary plant material varies during the vegetation season and due to abiotic factors, which affects the consistency of rosmanol content in botanical extracts.

The European Union has approved rosemary extract (E392) as a safe and effective natural antioxidant for food preservation. This regulatory approval, however, pertains to the rosemary extract as a food additive—not to isolated rosmanol as a pharmaceutical or dietary supplement ingredient.

References

• Nakatani N, Inatani R. Structure of Rosmanol, A New Antioxidant from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Agricultural and Biological Chemistry, 1981.
• Inatani R, Nakatani N, Fuwa H, Seta H. Structure of a New Antioxidative Phenolic Diterpene Isolated from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Biochemistry, 1982.
• González AG et al. A Revised Structure for the Diterpene Rosmanol. Phytochemistry, 2001.
• Borges RS et al. An Overview of the Chemistry and Anticancer Properties of Rosemary Extract and Its Diterpenes. Journal of Herbmed Pharmacology, 2022;11(1):10–19.
• Johnson JJ et al. Diterpenes from Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis): Defining Their Potential for Anti-Cancer Activity. Cancer Letters, 2015.
• Borras-Linares I et al. Phytochemical Profiling of Flavonoids, Phenolic Acids, Terpenoids, and Volatile Fraction of a Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract. Molecules, 2016;21(11):1576.
• Brnčić M et al. Mechanistic Insights into Biological Activities of Polyphenolic Compounds from Rosemary Obtained by Inverse Molecular Docking. PMC / Molecules, 2022.
• Rosmanol: A Natural Bioactive Compound Unveiling Multifaceted Nutritional, Pharmacological, and Health Advantages. Journal of Functional Foods (ScienceDirect), 2025.
• Rosmanol: A Natural Bioactive Compound (PDF). ResearchGate, 2025.
• Peng Y et al. Anticancer Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis L.: Mechanisms of Action and Therapeutic Potentials. PMC, 2020.
• Etsassala NG et al. Investigation of In-Vitro Antioxidant and Electrochemical Activities of Isolated Compounds from Salvia chamelaeagnea P.J.Bergius Extract. PMC / Antioxidants, 2019.
• Li L, Pan Z, Ning D, Fu Y. Rosmanol and Carnosol Synergistically Alleviate Rheumatoid Arthritis through Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK Pathway. PMC / Molecules, 2022;27(1):78.
• Li L, Pan Z, Ning D, Fu Y. Rosmanol and Carnosol Synergistically Alleviate Rheumatoid Arthritis through Inhibiting TLR4/NF-κB/MAPK Pathway. PubMed, 2022.
• Habtemariam S. The Therapeutic Potential of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) Diterpenes for Alzheimer's Disease. PMC / Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2016.
• Moore J et al. Anticancer Effects of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) Extract and Rosemary Extract Polyphenols. PMC / Nutrients, 2016.
• Niu YB et al. Protective Effects of Rosmanol on DEN-Induced Lung Cancer via Targeting Nrf2/NF-κB/PI3K/Akt and COX-2/CYP2E1/VEGF Pathways: In Vivo Approach. Journal of Molecular Histology, 2026.
• Tao et al. Rosmanol Suppresses Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Cell Proliferation and Enhances Apoptosis, the Regulation of MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway. Biotechnology and Applied Biochemistry, 2025.
• In Silico Network Pharmacology, Molecular Docking, and Molecular Dynamics Analysis of Rosemary-Derived Compounds as Potential HSP90 Inhibitors. Current Issues in Molecular Biology, 2025.
• Gonçalves C et al. Potential Anti-Inflammatory Effect of Rosmarinus officinalis in Preclinical In Vivo Models of Inflammation. PMC / Molecules, 2022.
• Nieto G et al. A Novel Insight on an Ancient Aromatic Plant: The Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.). Trends in Food Science & Technology, 2015.
• González-Minero FJ et al. Rosmarinus officinalis L. (Rosemary): An Ancient Plant with Uses in Personal Healthcare and Cosmetics. Cosmetics, 2020;7(4):77.
• Rosemary. Encyclopædia Britannica.
• Rosemary. Wikipedia.
• Optimization of Accelerated Solvent Extraction, Ultrasound Assisted and Supercritical Fluid Extraction to Obtain Carnosol, Carnosic Acid and Rosmarinic Acid from Rosemary. Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy, 2024.
• Munné-Bosch S et al. Carnosic Acid and Its Derivatives: Diterpenes of Biological Significance. Biomedical Journal of Scientific and Technical Research.