Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

Terpene lactones, particularly those found in Ginkgo biloba extracts (notably ginkgolides and bilobalide), have been researched for their effects on the cholinergic system, which involves the neurotransmitter acetylcholine. Scientific studies suggest that terpene lactones can inhibit platelet-activating factor (PAF) and may modulate neurotransmitter systems, including acetylcholine. Preclinical research and some human studies indicate that Ginkgo biloba extract can enhance cognitive function, particularly in populations with cognitive impairment, possibly through mechanisms that include increased cholinergic transmission and neuroprotection.

Specifically, bilobalide is known to protect cholinergic neurons from damage in laboratory models, and ginkgolides may enhance acetylcholine release or reduce its breakdown. However, while these effects have been demonstrated in vitro and in animal studies, the translation to clear clinical benefits in healthy humans remains less certain. Reviews and meta-analyses of clinical trials on Ginkgo biloba for cognitive enhancement show mixed results, with some reporting mild improvements and others showing no significant effect. Nonetheless, the biological plausibility of terpene lactones supporting the acetylcholine system is supported by mechanistic and some clinical findings, justifying a moderate evidence rating.

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