Cistanche deserticola, known as "Rou Cong Rong" in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), has a long history of use as a tonic for vitality and longevity, particularly in the context of aging prevention. In TCM, it is considered to nourish the kidney "yang," which is believed to play a central role in maintaining vitality and delaying the aging process. The herb is often included in formulas intended to improve energy, enhance sexual function, and support overall well-being, especially in elderly populations. While Cistanche deserticola's traditional use for aging prevention is well-documented, scientific evidence remains limited. Preclinical studies (in vitro and animal models) have shown that extracts from Cistanche may exert antioxidant effects, modulate immune function, and potentially improve cognitive performance, which are relevant to aging. Some research has identified active constituents such as echinacoside and acteoside that may protect against oxidative stress and neurodegeneration. However, robust clinical trials in humans are lacking, and most data come from animal studies or small pilot investigations. In summary, Cistanche deserticola is traditionally used for aging prevention, with some preliminary scientific support from laboratory and animal studies, but high-quality human evidence is limited. Its reputation for anti-aging effects is founded primarily on traditional practices rather than modern clinical validation.