Phycocyanin, a blue pigment-protein complex found in spirulina and other cyanobacteria, has been investigated for its potential in supporting or treating anemia, primarily in preclinical studies. The scientific rationale stems from its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as preliminary evidence suggesting it may promote erythropoiesis (the production of red blood cells).

Animal studies have shown that phycocyanin can enhance the recovery of red blood cell counts and hemoglobin levels in models of chemically induced anemia. Some research indicates that phycocyanin may stimulate the production of erythropoietin, a hormone involved in red blood cell synthesis. Furthermore, spirulina (of which phycocyanin is a major component) is rich in bioavailable iron, which may contribute to its effects on anemia. A limited number of small-scale human studies on spirulina supplementation (not isolated phycocyanin) have found improvements in hemoglobin levels among individuals with mild or moderate anemia, especially in malnourished populations and pregnant women.

However, there are currently no robust, large-scale clinical trials specifically evaluating purified phycocyanin for the treatment of anemia in humans. Most evidence comes from studies on whole spirulina or animal models, making it difficult to attribute effects solely to phycocyanin. Therefore, while there is some scientific basis for its potential use, the quality and quantity of direct evidence remains limited.