Carotenoids, a class of plant pigments including beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and others, have been investigated for their potential role in supporting cardiovascular health, including arteriosclerosis (the thickening and hardening of the arteries). Scientific interest stems from their antioxidant properties, which may help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation—factors implicated in the development of arteriosclerosis.

Several observational studies have found an association between higher dietary intake or blood levels of carotenoids and a lower risk of cardiovascular disease. For example, some epidemiological studies suggest that individuals with higher plasma carotenoid concentrations have reduced risk of atherosclerotic progression and cardiovascular events. However, intervention trials using supplemental carotenoids, particularly beta-carotene, have generally failed to demonstrate a clear benefit and, in some cases (notably among smokers), have suggested potential harm.

The evidence supporting carotenoids for arteriosclerosis is thus mixed: while there is a plausible biological mechanism and some supportive observational data, randomized controlled trials have not consistently shown a benefit for supplementation. As a result, carotenoid use for arteriosclerosis is supported by scientific rationale but only modest clinical evidence. Most guidelines recommend consuming carotenoid-rich fruits and vegetables rather than supplements for cardiovascular benefit.