Fatty acids, particularly omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been studied as adjunctive treatments for Attention Deficit Disorder (ADD) and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The rationale for their use stems from the role these nutrients play in brain development and function, as cell membrane components and in the modulation of neurotransmission and inflammation.

Several randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses have investigated the efficacy of omega-3 supplementation in children and adults with ADD/ADHD. Some studies have reported small but statistically significant improvements in attention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity—especially in individuals with low baseline levels of omega-3 fatty acids. However, other studies have found little or no benefit, and effect sizes are generally modest compared to standard pharmacological treatments.

The 2018 meta-analysis by Bloch and Qawasmi (Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry) found a small but significant benefit of omega-3 supplementation for ADHD symptoms. Clinical guidelines do not recommend omega-3 fatty acids as a first-line treatment, but they may be considered as adjunctive therapy, particularly for those with dietary deficiencies or in cases where parents prefer non-pharmacologic approaches.

In summary, there is scientific investigation supporting the use of fatty acids for ADD/ADHD, but the overall evidence is modest (rated 2/5), and they are not considered a substitute for standard therapies.