Pepper, particularly black pepper (Piper nigrum), is often cited for its potential benefits to the brain and cognitive function. The primary bioactive compound in black pepper is piperine, which has been the focus of several scientific studies. Research suggests that piperine may enhance cognitive function by increasing the bioavailability of various nutrients and drugs, including some that support brain health. For example, piperine has been shown to inhibit enzymes that degrade neurotransmitters, potentially supporting memory and mood.

Animal studies have found that piperine administration can improve learning and memory and may offer neuroprotective effects against cognitive decline. Some studies also suggest antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which are relevant since oxidative stress and inflammation are implicated in neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's. However, human studies are limited, and much of the evidence comes from in vitro or animal research.

While traditional medicine systems like Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine have used pepper for general health, its specific application for brain health is more recent and largely based on emerging scientific evidence rather than longstanding traditional use. Overall, current data suggest moderate support (evidence rating: 3) for pepper's role in supporting the brain, with more robust human clinical trials needed to confirm efficacy.