Ginkgoheteroside is one of the main classes of flavonoid glycosides found in Ginkgo biloba leaf extracts. Ginkgo biloba extracts, which contain ginkgoheterosides along with other flavonoids and terpenoids, have been extensively studied for their potential cognitive benefits, including in the management of dementia and cognitive decline, particularly Alzheimer's disease. The rationale for their use is based on their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and possible vasoregulatory effects, which may help protect neuronal cells and improve cerebral blood flow.

Multiple randomized controlled trials and meta-analyses (e.g., Cochrane Reviews) have investigated standardized Ginkgo biloba extracts (such as EGb 761). Results are mixed, but some studies show a modest improvement in cognitive function, activities of daily living, and global assessment in patients with mild to moderate dementia compared to placebo. However, effects are generally small, and efficacy is not universally accepted. It is important to note that the studies typically assess the whole extract, not isolated ginkgoheteroside compounds, so direct attribution is uncertain.

Major guidelines, such as those from the American Academy of Neurology or NICE, generally do not recommend Ginkgo biloba as a first-line treatment due to inconsistent evidence and concerns about methodological quality. Nevertheless, the scientific investigation into its efficacy for dementia means that ginkgoheterosides are used based on scientific, not merely traditional, rationale, though the strength of evidence is moderate at best.