Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Vitamin D has been investigated for its potential role in supporting or treating depression, primarily because of its known effects on brain function and the observation that vitamin D receptors are present in brain areas involved in mood regulation. Epidemiological studies have consistently shown that individuals with depression are more likely to have low levels of vitamin D. However, whether low vitamin D is a cause or consequence of depression remains uncertain.

Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses have evaluated the effects of vitamin D supplementation on depressive symptoms. Some studies suggest a modest benefit, particularly in individuals who are vitamin D deficient at baseline. For example, a 2020 meta-analysis in Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition found that supplementation may improve depressive symptoms, but the effect size was small and there was significant heterogeneity among studies. Other meta-analyses have reported mixed or inconclusive findings, with some showing no significant benefit over placebo.

Current clinical guidelines generally do not recommend vitamin D supplementation as a primary treatment for depression but recognize that correcting deficiency is important for overall health. The evidence base is limited by methodological issues, including small sample sizes, varying dosages, and differences in baseline vitamin D status.

In summary, while there is scientific interest and some supportive evidence for vitamin D in depression, the overall quality and consistency of evidence is modest, justifying a rating of 2. Supplementation should be individualized and focused on correcting deficiency rather than as a stand-alone antidepressant intervention.

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