Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene found in essential oils of many plants, including black pepper and cannabis. Its interest in respiratory conditions like emphysema is primarily due to its activity as a selective agonist of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2). Activation of CB2 receptors has been associated with anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory effects, which may be beneficial in chronic pulmonary diseases characterized by inflammation, such as emphysema.

Several preclinical studies have examined the effects of BCP on models of pulmonary inflammation and emphysema. For example, animal studies (e.g., European Journal of Pharmacology, 2014; Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 2020) have demonstrated that BCP administration can attenuate lung inflammation, oxidative stress, and alveolar destruction in mouse models exposed to cigarette smoke or elastase. These effects are believed to be mediated mainly via CB2 receptor activation, leading to reduced recruitment of inflammatory cells and modulation of cytokine release.

However, there are currently no published clinical trials evaluating BCP in human patients with emphysema or COPD. The evidence is limited to animal and cell studies, and while these are promising, they are insufficient to establish efficacy or safety in humans. Therefore, the use of BCP for emphysema is scientifically plausible but not yet validated in clinical practice, justifying a moderate evidence rating.

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