Evidence supporting the use of: 3,3'-dihydroxy-B-carotene-4,4'-dione
For the body system: Eyes

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Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 4

3,3'-Dihydroxy-β-carotene-4,4'-dione, also known as astaxanthin, is a naturally occurring carotenoid pigment found in microalgae, yeast, salmon, trout, krill, shrimp, and crayfish. There is a growing body of scientific evidence supporting its use for eye health. Astaxanthin is a potent antioxidant, significantly more powerful than other carotenoids like lutein or zeaxanthin, which are well known for their roles in ocular health. Several studies have demonstrated that astaxanthin can cross the blood-retinal barrier and accumulate in the retina, where it exerts protective effects against oxidative stress and inflammation—two major contributors to eye disorders such as age-related macular degeneration (AMD), diabetic retinopathy, and eye fatigue.

Clinical trials have shown that supplementation with astaxanthin can improve visual acuity, reduce eye strain and fatigue, and protect retinal cells from damage caused by light exposure and oxidative insults. For example, randomized controlled trials in humans have found improvements in accommodation (focus adjustment) and reductions in subjective symptoms of eye fatigue after prolonged screen use. Additionally, in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated the ability of astaxanthin to inhibit cell apoptosis and reduce inflammation in retinal tissues.

While further large-scale human studies are warranted, current scientific literature provides moderate to strong support for astaxanthin's beneficial effects on eye health, justifying its inclusion in supplements aimed at supporting the eyes and visual function.

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Other body systems supported by 3,3'-dihydroxy-B-carotene-4,4'-dione

Eyes
Immune System
Skin

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