Fatty acids, particularly the omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have substantial scientific evidence supporting their role in eye health. DHA is a major structural component of the retina, and adequate intake is essential for maintaining retinal function. Numerous observational studies have found that higher dietary intake of omega-3 fatty acids is associated with a reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), one of the leading causes of vision loss in older adults. Some randomized controlled trials, such as the Age-Related Eye Disease Study 2 (AREDS2), have investigated supplementation with omega-3s for eye health. Although AREDS2 found no significant benefit of omega-3 supplementation in slowing progression of AMD in its primary analysis, other studies and meta-analyses suggest that omega-3 supplementation may help reduce symptoms of dry eye disease and support overall retinal function.

Furthermore, omega-3 fatty acids have anti-inflammatory properties, which can be beneficial in managing ocular surface inflammation. Professional organizations, including the American Academy of Ophthalmology, acknowledge the potential benefits of omega-3 fatty acids for certain aspects of eye health, particularly dry eye syndrome. Overall, while evidence is strongest for dry eye relief and somewhat mixed for AMD prevention, the scientific rationale for using fatty acids to support the eyes is robust and supported by biological plausibility and clinical research.