Vitamin E, particularly in the form of natural tocopherols, is widely recognized for its antioxidant properties. The scientific rationale for its use in mitigating free radical damage is based on its ability to neutralize reactive oxygen species (ROS) and prevent the peroxidation of cell membrane lipids. Numerous in vitro and animal studies have demonstrated that Vitamin E can protect cells and tissues from oxidative stress—a process implicated in aging and various diseases, such as cardiovascular disorders and some neurodegenerative conditions.

Human studies, however, provide more mixed results. While some observational studies suggest that higher Vitamin E intake is associated with reduced markers of oxidative stress and decreased incidence of chronic diseases, large randomized controlled trials have not consistently shown clear benefits for Vitamin E supplementation in preventing or treating diseases attributed to free radical damage. In some cases, high-dose supplementation has even been associated with potential adverse effects.

Overall, the scientific community acknowledges the biochemical role of Vitamin E as an antioxidant, and its use to support cellular defense against free radical damage is scientifically grounded. However, the clinical impact of supplementation beyond normal dietary intake remains uncertain, justifying a moderate evidence rating.