Propolis, a resinous substance produced by bees, has been used traditionally in folk medicine for various ailments, including infections. In recent years, multiple laboratory and some clinical studies have demonstrated that propolis possesses antifungal properties, particularly against Candida species and other dermatophytes. The main bioactive compounds thought to be responsible are flavonoids, phenolic acids, and aromatic esters present in propolis.

In vitro studies have shown that propolis extracts can inhibit the growth of fungi such as Candida albicans, Trichophyton species, and Aspergillus species. Some small-scale clinical trials and case reports have indicated that topical application of propolis-containing preparations may be beneficial in treating superficial fungal infections, such as oral candidiasis and onychomycosis. However, these studies are often limited by small sample sizes, lack of standardization of propolis extracts, and insufficient blinding or controls.

While the laboratory evidence is promising and points towards a real antifungal effect, more rigorous, large-scale clinical studies are needed to fully establish efficacy and optimal dosing. Therefore, the use of propolis for fungal infections is supported by a moderate level of scientific evidence (rating: 3), mainly from preclinical and early clinical research.