Water Pepper (Persicaria hydropiper, formerly Polygonum hydropiper) has a long history of traditional use, particularly in European and Asian folk medicine. It was commonly applied for its astringent, styptic, and anti-inflammatory properties. In the context of oral health, especially to support gum health, historical sources such as Nicholas Culpeper’s Complete Herbal (17th century) mention the use of Water Pepper as a wash or gargle for sore mouths, ulcers, and gum issues, primarily due to its astringent action, which can help tighten tissues and reduce bleeding.

The plant contains various bioactive compounds, including flavonoids and polygodial, which are believed to contribute to its medicinal effects. However, modern scientific validation for these uses is minimal. There are no robust clinical studies directly examining the efficacy of Water Pepper for gum health in humans. The existing evidence is almost entirely based on historical and ethnobotanical reports, and laboratory studies have focused more on its antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro rather than specific oral applications.

In summary, Water Pepper’s use for supporting the gums is primarily justified by traditional herbal practices and historical texts, rather than strong scientific validation. Its traditional reputation for astringency and wound healing underlies its occasional inclusion in oral health remedies.