Eugenol, a phenolic compound found primarily in clove oil, has been used traditionally for its antiseptic and analgesic properties, particularly in dental care. More recently, scientific research has investigated its antimicrobial effects. In vitro studies have demonstrated that eugenol exhibits broad-spectrum activity against a range of bacteria (including Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli), fungi (such as Candida albicans), and some viruses. The proposed mechanisms include disruption of microbial cell membranes and inhibition of enzyme function.

Several studies have shown that eugenol can inhibit biofilm formation and reduce the viability of pathogenic microorganisms. These effects are observed at concentrations that are achievable in topical applications. However, the majority of these findings are from laboratory (in vitro) and animal studies. There is limited clinical evidence in humans supporting its efficacy as an antimicrobial agent for the treatment of infections. As a result, eugenol is often used in dental practices as a component of temporary fillings and cements due to its antibacterial properties.

In summary, while there is moderate scientific evidence supporting eugenol’s antimicrobial activity in laboratory settings, robust clinical trials in humans are lacking. Its use for infection is thus supported by scientific studies but mainly outside of formal clinical contexts.