Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is increasingly studied for its role in supporting immune function and potentially reducing susceptibility to infections. Vitamin D receptors are present on immune cells such as macrophages, dendritic cells, and T cells, suggesting a physiological role in immunity. Some observational studies have found that individuals with lower vitamin D levels are more prone to respiratory tract infections and other infectious diseases. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses have reported that vitamin D supplementation, especially in individuals who are deficient, can reduce the risk of acute respiratory tract infections. For example, a 2017 meta-analysis published in the BMJ found that vitamin D supplementation was safe and provided a modest protective effect against respiratory infections, particularly among those with low baseline vitamin D levels.

However, the evidence is not uniformly strong. Not all studies find benefits, and the effect sizes are generally modest. There is less clarity regarding optimal dosing, target populations, and whether supplementation is beneficial for the general population versus only those with deficiency. There is also limited evidence for vitamin D3's effectiveness in treating established infections, as opposed to preventing them. Overall, while there is scientific rationale and some supportive data for vitamin D3 in infection prevention, especially respiratory infections, current evidence does not support its widespread use as a primary treatment for infections.

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