Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

Elderberry (Sambucus nigra) has a long history of traditional use for treating colds, influenza, and other viral infections, but there is also a growing body of scientific evidence supporting its efficacy. The berries and flowers of elderberry contain bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, anthocyanins, and phenolic acids, which are thought to exert antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated that elderberry extracts can inhibit the replication of various viruses, particularly influenza A and B strains, by preventing viral entry into host cells and modulating cytokine production.

Clinical evidence, though limited, is promising. Notably, a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial published in 2004 showed that adults with influenza who took elderberry syrup experienced a reduction in symptom duration and severity compared to placebo. Other small clinical studies have echoed these findings, particularly for acute viral respiratory infections. However, limitations include small sample sizes, short duration, and lack of studies on other viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2.

While more large-scale, well-designed trials are needed to confirm efficacy and safety, the current evidence suggests elderberry may be a helpful adjunct in managing viral infections, particularly influenza. The mechanism is likely multifactorial, involving direct antiviral effects and modulation of the immune response. As such, elderberry is both traditionally and scientifically supported for use in viral infections, with moderate-quality evidence available.

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