Evidence supporting the use of: Vitamin D (cholecalciferol)
For the health condition: Influenza

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Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Vitamin D (cholecalciferol) has been investigated for its potential role in supporting the immune system and possibly reducing the risk or severity of influenza. The rationale stems from observations that vitamin D modulates both innate and adaptive immune responses. Some epidemiological studies have shown that individuals with lower vitamin D levels may be more susceptible to respiratory tract infections, including influenza. Additionally, vitamin D receptors are present on immune cells, and vitamin D has been shown in vitro to enhance the pathogen-fighting effects of monocytes and macrophages.

Several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and meta-analyses have examined the effects of vitamin D supplementation on the incidence of influenza and other respiratory infections. A 2017 meta-analysis in BMJ found that vitamin D supplementation was associated with a modest reduction in the risk of acute respiratory infections, especially in individuals who were deficient. However, the evidence specifically for influenza prevention or treatment is mixed. Some studies report a protective effect, while others show no significant benefit. The overall quality of evidence is limited by variability in study design, dosing regimens, baseline vitamin D status, and endpoints.

Current guidelines do not recommend routine vitamin D supplementation solely for influenza prevention or treatment in the general population. However, correcting vitamin D deficiency is considered good practice for overall health, and may confer some benefit in reducing the risk or severity of respiratory infections, including influenza, in certain populations.

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