5-Aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide ribonucleotide (AICAR) is a compound that has been studied in the context of mitochondrial function primarily due to its ability to activate AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a central regulator of cellular energy homeostasis. AMPK activation has been shown to enhance mitochondrial biogenesis and function, making AICAR a useful tool in experimental research exploring metabolic and mitochondrial pathways.

Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that AICAR administration can stimulate mitochondrial biogenesis and improve mitochondrial function in various cell types and animal models. For example, studies in rodents have shown that AICAR increases the expression of PGC-1α, a key regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis, and enhances oxidative metabolism in skeletal muscle. These findings have made AICAR a valuable research compound for studying diseases characterized by mitochondrial dysfunction, such as metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and some neurodegenerative disorders.

However, while the mechanistic and preclinical data are robust, direct clinical evidence supporting the use of AICAR as a supplement or therapy to improve mitochondrial function in humans is limited. AICAR is not approved as a dietary supplement or drug for this purpose, and its use is largely confined to laboratory research. Thus, while there is a scientific basis for its effect on mitochondrial pathways, there is insufficient clinical validation for its routine use to support mitochondrial health in the general population.