Several clinical studies and systematic reviews support the use of Lactobacillus species in the context of oral surgery, particularly for reducing postoperative complications such as infection, inflammation, and delayed healing. Probiotics containing Lactobacillus (e.g., L. rhamnosus, L. reuteri, L. casei) have demonstrated potential in improving oral health by modulating the oral microbiota, reducing pathogenic bacteria, and enhancing mucosal immunity. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have shown that adjunctive probiotic therapy can decrease postoperative pain, swelling, and the incidence of alveolar osteitis (dry socket) following tooth extractions or implant placement. Some studies also report improved wound healing and reduced antibiotic-associated side effects when probiotics are used post-surgically.

However, while the overall trend in the literature is positive, the quality of evidence varies, with some studies being small or having methodological limitations. The precise strains, dosages, and administration regimens also differ between studies, which complicates direct comparisons and meta-analyses. Nonetheless, the biological plausibility—based on anti-inflammatory, competitive exclusion, and immunomodulatory effects—combined with positive clinical outcomes in RCTs, provides moderate scientific validation for the use of Lactobacillus species as adjuncts in oral surgery. Further large-scale, high-quality trials are warranted to standardize protocols and confirm efficacy.