Evidence supporting the use of: Polyunsaturated fatty acid
For the health condition: Osteoporosis

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Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly omega-3 fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), have been investigated for their potential role in supporting bone health and preventing osteoporosis. Scientific interest is based on the understanding that PUFAs can influence bone metabolism through anti-inflammatory mechanisms and by modulating the activity of osteoblasts (bone-forming cells) and osteoclasts (bone-resorbing cells). Some observational and animal studies suggest that higher intake of omega-3 PUFAs may be associated with increased bone mineral density (BMD) and reduced bone loss. Proposed mechanisms include downregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines that promote bone resorption and enhancement of calcium absorption. However, the evidence from clinical trials in humans is inconsistent and generally of low to moderate quality. Some randomized controlled trials have shown modest benefits of PUFA supplementation on BMD, while others show no significant effect. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses conclude that, although there are biologically plausible reasons for PUFAs to benefit bone health, current evidence is insufficient to strongly recommend their use for the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis. More large-scale, well-designed clinical trials are needed to clarify their role. Thus, while there is a scientific rationale and some supportive evidence, the overall strength of evidence is currently rated as low to moderate.

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