Evidence supporting the use of: Vitamin K (menaquinone)
For the health condition: Osteoporosis

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Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Vitamin K, particularly in the form of menaquinone (vitamin K2), has been investigated for its role in bone health and the treatment or prevention of osteoporosis. Scientific interest stems from vitamin K’s biological function: it is essential for the gamma-carboxylation of osteocalcin, a protein involved in the regulation of bone mineralization. Epidemiological studies suggest that low vitamin K intake is associated with increased risk of fractures and lower bone mineral density. Some randomized controlled trials, especially in Japan, have shown that high-dose menaquinone supplementation (notably MK-4) can reduce fracture incidence and slow bone mineral density loss in postmenopausal women. However, meta-analyses and systematic reviews of these studies have pointed to methodological limitations and heterogeneity among trials, and results outside Japan have been inconsistent. Major clinical guidelines in Europe and North America generally do not recommend vitamin K supplementation for osteoporosis, citing insufficient evidence for a clear benefit. Therefore, while there is a biological rationale and some supportive clinical evidence—mainly from Japanese studies—the overall strength of evidence is moderate to weak, and more large, well-designed trials are needed to firmly establish its efficacy in osteoporosis management.

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