Beta-caryophyllene (BCP) is a natural bicyclic sesquiterpene found in essential oils of numerous plants, including black pepper, cloves, and cannabis. Its primary mode of action is as a selective agonist of the cannabinoid receptor type 2 (CB2). CB2 receptors are predominantly expressed in peripheral tissues, especially those involved in immune function, and have some influence on the autonomic nervous system, including the parasympathetic branch.

Several preclinical studies have demonstrated that BCP can exert anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic effects through CB2 activation, which is linked to reduced sympathetic activity and enhancement of parasympathetic tone. For example, Gertsch et al. (2008) identified BCP as a dietary cannabinoid capable of modulating physiological processes regulated by the endocannabinoid system, which includes autonomic functions. Animal studies have reported BCP’s ability to reduce stress-induced behavioral and physiological responses, suggesting a shift toward parasympathetic dominance.

However, direct evidence in humans for BCP specifically enhancing parasympathetic nervous system activity is still limited. Most data are preclinical or theoretical, and while the mechanistic rationale is strong, clinical validation is needed. Thus, the use of beta-caryophyllene to support the parasympathetic nervous system is supported by preliminary scientific evidence but not yet conclusively established in humans.