Boswellia, also known as Indian frankincense, is widely used for its anti-inflammatory properties, which are relevant to the modulation of prostaglandins. Prostaglandins are lipid compounds that have diverse hormone-like effects in the body, including the promotion of inflammation. Scientific studies have demonstrated that Boswellia extracts contain boswellic acids, which inhibit 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme involved in the synthesis of pro-inflammatory leukotrienes and can indirectly affect prostaglandin synthesis.

Several clinical trials and preclinical studies have shown that Boswellia extract supplementation can reduce inflammation and symptoms in conditions such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis. This is believed to be partly due to its ability to modulate the pathways that produce inflammatory mediators, including specific prostaglandins. A review published in "Phytomedicine" (2011) and another in "BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies" (2020) confirm that Boswellia's anti-inflammatory effects are supported by moderate to strong evidence, with a focus on its impact on eicosanoid balance, which includes prostaglandins and leukotrienes.

While much of the research centers on leukotriene inhibition, there is also evidence that Boswellia extracts can decrease levels of pro-inflammatory prostaglandins, supporting its use in managing inflammatory conditions. However, more research is needed to specify its effects on various prostaglandin subtypes and to compare its efficacy directly with conventional anti-inflammatory drugs.