Frankincense, derived from the resin of Boswellia species, has a long history of use in traditional medicine, particularly in Ayurvedic and Middle Eastern systems, for treating inflammatory conditions, including arthritis. Scientifically, several studies have investigated the effects of boswellic acids (the active compounds in frankincense) on inflammation and autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis (RA).

Preclinical studies suggest that boswellic acids inhibit the production of pro-inflammatory enzymes like 5-lipoxygenase, reducing leukotriene synthesis, which plays a role in the inflammation associated with RA. Animal models have demonstrated reductions in joint swelling and inflammatory markers following administration of Boswellia extracts.

Human clinical trials are limited but promising. A few randomized controlled trials have shown that standardized Boswellia extracts can reduce pain, swelling, and improve joint function in patients with osteoarthritis, and there is some evidence of benefit in rheumatoid arthritis, though results are less robust and sample sizes are small. Systematic reviews conclude that while there is moderate evidence for anti-inflammatory and analgesic effects in arthritis, the specific impact on RA requires further, larger-scale studies to confirm efficacy and establish standardized dosing.

In summary, use of frankincense for rheumatoid arthritis is supported by both traditional use and emerging scientific evidence, particularly for its anti-inflammatory properties, but more high-quality human trials are needed to confirm its effectiveness and safety profile.