Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 2

Phenylpiracetam is a synthetic derivative of piracetam, developed in Russia in the 1980s. It is part of the racetam family, compounds often explored for their potential cognitive-enhancing properties. There is some scientific evidence suggesting that phenylpiracetam can modulate neurotransmitter systems, particularly acetylcholine, dopamine, and norepinephrine, which are critical for cognitive function, motivation, and alertness. Animal studies have shown that phenylpiracetam can increase dopamine and noradrenaline levels in the brain, and some small human studies and anecdotal reports suggest improvements in memory, attention, and physical performance. However, high-quality, large-scale clinical trials in humans are lacking, and most evidence comes from preclinical studies or research in populations with cognitive impairment (e.g., post-stroke patients in Russia), rather than healthy individuals. The mechanism is believed to involve modulation of AMPA and NMDA glutamate receptors and increased neuronal resistance to stress. While phenylpiracetam is used in some countries as a nootropic and even as an anti-fatigue agent for cosmonauts, it is not approved for medical use in most Western countries, and its efficacy and safety profile remain insufficiently characterized. Therefore, its use to "support the Specific Neurotransmitters body system" has some scientific backing, but the evidence is limited and not conclusive.

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