Synopsis

Source of validity: Scientific
Rating (out of 5): 3

Dextran, a complex branched polysaccharide, has been used as an antithrombotic agent, particularly in the prevention and treatment of thrombosis. Its primary medical use is as a plasma volume expander, but dextran also exhibits antithrombotic properties due to its effects on blood rheology and platelet function. Scientific studies, particularly those from the mid-20th century, demonstrated that dextran reduces blood viscosity, inhibits platelet aggregation, and decreases fibrin formation—mechanisms relevant to the prevention of thrombus formation. Dextran's ability to coat platelets and red blood cells reduces their tendency to clump, thereby decreasing the risk of clot formation. Clinical trials and case reports have shown that dextran (especially low molecular weight dextran 40) can reduce the incidence of postoperative thromboembolic events, such as deep vein thrombosis, particularly in surgical and orthopedic patients. However, its use has declined due to the availability of more effective and safer anticoagulant and antiplatelet drugs (e.g., heparin, low molecular weight heparins, and direct oral anticoagulants). Moreover, dextran carries risks of volume overload, anaphylactic reactions, and effects on coagulation tests. In summary, dextran’s use in supporting or treating thrombosis is scientifically validated, especially historically, but its clinical application is now limited by the emergence of superior alternatives and its potential side effects.

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