Eria jarensis

Eria jarensis (Pinalia jarensis): A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity and Botanical Classification

Accepted Name, Synonymy, and Taxonomy

Eria jarensis Ames is the historical botanical name under which this orchid species was first described by Oakes Ames in 1915 in his series Orchidaceae: Illustrations and Studies of the Family Orchidaceae. It is an orchid species identified by Ames in 1915, and culture information is now commonly detailed under the currently accepted name of Pinalia jarensis. The reclassification was formalised by W. Suarez and Cootes: the accepted binomial is Pinalia jarensis (Ames) W.Suarez & Cootes, published in OrchideenJ. 16(2): 71 (2009). Despite this taxonomic revision, the name Eria jarensis continues to appear almost universally in dietary supplement commerce and regulatory databases.

According to the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (Plants of the World Online), the species belongs to Kingdom Plantae, Phylum Streptophyta, Order Asparagales, Family Orchidaceae, and Genus Pinalia. Pinalia jarensis is an orchid belonging to the subfamily Epidendroideae. The native range of this species is the Philippines. It is a pseudobulbous epiphyte and grows primarily in the wet tropical biome.

The NIH Office of Dietary Supplements Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD) categorises it as a botanical ingredient and lists the following synonyms and source names used in commerce: Eria jarensis; Eria jarensis extract; Eria jarensis leaf extract. No Scientific Resources are cross-listed in the DSLD entry, reflecting the absence of reviewed monographs by government health bodies.

The primary active alkaloid isolated from the plant, N,N-dimethylphenethylamine (N,N-DMPEA), has been chemically characterised as follows: N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine (N,N-DMPEA) is a substituted phenethylamine first isolated from the orchid Pinalia jarensis. Its aroma is described as "sweet, fishy." N,N-DMPEA is a positional isomer of methamphetamine. Instead of the methyl group attached to the alpha position of phenylethylamine, it is attached to the nitrogen group. Both substances share the chemical formula C₁₀H₁₅N.

In supplement contexts, the ingredient is also labelled as N-phenethyl dimethylamine citrate, N-phenyl dimethylamine, or NeuroPEA™ (a branded 80% standardised extract). The specimen from which the compounds were first characterised was Eria jarensis Ames collected in the Philippines by Miss Mary Fermin. The base fraction consisted of N-methyl-phenethylamine and N,N-dimethylphenethylamine. The mixture was treated with ketene and then analysed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Ten kilograms of the fresh plant material afforded 1 g of iodide, 50 mg of N-methyl-phenethylamine and 5 mg of N,N-dimethyl-phenethylamine.

Common Forms and Preparations

In the contemporary supplement industry, Eria jarensis is sold principally as a dry powder extract, often standardised for N,N-DMPEA content. DMPEA derived from Eria jarensis extracts has been incorporated into pre-workout dietary supplements since the mid-2010s as a purported substitute for the banned stimulant 1,3-dimethylamylamine (DMAA). Supplement formulations typically include Eria jarensis extract at doses of 125–250 mg per serving, with industry claims suggesting this delivers 10–50 mg of DMPEA equivalents for acute energy and cognitive enhancement during exercise. However, analytical testing reveals variability in actual DMPEA content, often lower than advertised, undermining dosing reliability.

As a distinct chemical entity, N,N-DMPEA is also used as a flavoring agent, mainly in cereal, cheese, dairy products, fish, fruit and meat, as well as in pre-workout and bodybuilding supplements with claims of a stimulant effect.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

Documented traditional use of Eria jarensis specifically—as opposed to the broader genus Eria or the orchid family more generally—is extremely limited in the peer-reviewed ethnobotanical literature. No pharmacopoeial monograph (WHO, European Pharmacopoeia, ESCOP, or German Commission E) has been published for this species, and no historical records in traditional Chinese medicine, Ayurveda, or other formally documented healing traditions have been identified that specifically name Eria jarensis by species.

The sole peer-reviewed publication documenting the plant's chemistry is a 1969 study published in Acta Chemica Scandinavica by Kaj Hedman, Björn Lüning, and Kurt Leander, under the series title Studies on Orchidaceae Alkaloids. XV. Phenethylamines from Eria jarensis Ames. This work appeared in volume 23 (1969) of Acta Chemica Scandinavica, under the heading "Studies on Orchidaceae Alkaloids. XV. Phenethylamines from Eria jarensis Ames." Only this one document, with no more than approximately 200 words dedicated to the species, mentions Eria jarensis directly: in most species of the genus Eria hitherto tested, a low alkaloid content was detected, and the first species investigated further, Eria jarensis Ames, was shown to contain simple phenethylamine derivatives.

Claims about traditional Southeast Asian medicinal use of this plant, sometimes encountered in supplement marketing, are not corroborated by verifiable ethnobotanical or historical records in the scholarly literature reviewed for this article. Accordingly, such claims are omitted here. What can be confirmed is that the genus Eria grows across a broad geographic range. These orchids thrive in a variety of global environments, from the verdant expanses of China and Southeast Asia to the rugged landscapes of the Himalayas, and even the tropical settings of New Guinea, Polynesia, and Micronesia.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

Primary Alkaloids

The first species of Eria investigated in detail, Eria jarensis Ames, was shown to contain simple phenethylamine derivatives. The base fraction consisted of N-methyl-phenethylamine (N-methyl-PEA) and N,N-dimethyl-phenethylamine (N,N-dimethyl-PEA). Both compounds belong to the phenethylamine (PEA) class of trace amines.

N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine (N,N-DMPEA) is present in smaller quantities by weight than N-methyl-PEA in the raw plant: the 1969 study reported that 10 kg of fresh plant material yielded 50 mg of N-methyl-PEA and only 5 mg of N,N-DMPEA. It is a plant in the orchid family—Eria is the genus, Eria jarensis the species—and it is the only plant (that has been demonstrated to date) to supply N-phenethyl dimethylamine.

Chemical Characterisation of N,N-DMPEA

The fully substituted nitrogen of N,N-dimethylphenethylamine results in a unique combination of basicity and lipophilicity compared to its primary (phenethylamine) and secondary (N-methylphenethylamine) amine counterparts. N,N-DMPEA has a predicted pKa of 9.75 ± 0.28 and an XLogP3 of 2.4. In contrast, phenethylamine has a reported pKa of 9.84 and XLogP of approximately 1.4, while N-methylphenethylamine has a reported pKa of 10.31 and XLogP of approximately 1.9.

The increased lipophilicity of N,N-DMPEA compared to the parent PEA is relevant to its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier. N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine exhibits rapid distribution to the brain following intravenous administration, as demonstrated in positron emission tomography (PET) studies using [¹¹C]-labeled DMPEA in humans, where radioactivity uptake occurs within 4–6 minutes and accumulates gradually in regions such as the basal ganglia, thalamus, and cerebral cortex over 60 minutes. This uptake reflects the compound's lipophilicity, enabling efficient crossing of the blood-brain barrier, though direct data on oral absorption and bioavailability remain limited, with inferences drawn from its structural similarity to other phenethylamines.

4. Mechanisms of Action

Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 (TAAR1) Agonism

In addition to "classical" biogenic amines such as dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, serotonin, and histamine, other biogenic amines present at much lower concentrations in the CNS—referred to as "trace" amines—are now recognised to play significant neurophysiological and behavioral functions. The discovery of the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), a phylogenetically conserved G protein-coupled receptor responsive to both trace amines (such as β-phenylethylamine, octopamine, and tyramine) and structurally related amphetamines, unveiled mechanisms of action for trace amines beyond simple interference with aminergic pathways.

N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine acts as a weak partial agonist at the trace amine-associated receptor 1 (TAAR1), with an EC₅₀ of 21 µM (95% CI: 12–29 µM) and E_max of 64% (95% CI: 59–70%) in human cells transiently expressing the receptor. This profile aligns with neuromodulatory roles of endogenous trace amines, promoting cAMP accumulation but at reduced potency and maximal response compared to primary agonists like phenethylamine.

N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine exhibits a substantially reduced potency for human TAAR1 agonism compared to its less N-methylated analogs. TAAR1 EC₅₀ values differ by two orders of magnitude across this series, and the tertiary amine structure of N,N-DMPEA confers distinct reactivity compared to its primary and secondary amine counterparts.

Although molecular interactions and downstream targets have not been fully elucidated, TAAR1 activation triggers accumulation of intracellular cAMP, modulates PKA and PKC signaling, and interferes with the β-arrestin2-dependent pathway via G protein-independent mechanisms. Beta-phenylethylamine and p-tyramine have been reported to modify the release and/or the response to dopamine, norepinephrine, acetylcholine, and GABA, while evidence of cross-talk between TAAR1 and other aminergic receptors has been provided.

Adrenergic Receptor Activity

N,N-DMPEA demonstrates low-affinity agonism selectively at α1B and α1D adrenergic receptors, with EC₅₀ values of 6.1 µM (E_max 19%) and 8.4 µM (E_max 7.9%), respectively. No activation occurs at α1A, α2A, α2B, β1, or β2 subtypes up to 300 µM, highlighting subtype-specific sympathomimetic potential without broader adrenergic engagement.

Dopamine and Serotonin Transporter Interaction

Pharmacological evaluations indicate negligible inhibition of dopamine or serotonin transporters, differentiating N,N-dimethylphenethylamine from amphetamines, whose primary mechanism involves transporter inhibition or reversal. This is a chemically important distinction: N,N-DMPEA shares the molecular formula C₁₀H₁₅N with methamphetamine but differs in the position of N-methylation, and its transporter pharmacology is substantially different.

Monoamine Oxidase-B (MAO-B) Substrate Activity

There is evidence suggesting that N,N-DMPEA acts as a TAAR1 agonist in humans and as a 5-HT1A ligand in rats. Some less conclusive research also indicated that it has interaction with MAO-B, most likely as an enzyme substrate and not an inhibitor. The compound is primarily metabolised by monoamine oxidase B (MAO-B), acting as a substrate that undergoes oxidative deamination, producing trapped metabolites such as [¹¹C]dimethylamine in brain tissue due to the latter's high pKa (10.64), which facilitates metabolic trapping for MAO-B activity measurement. This property has been exploited in neuroscience research, where radiolabelled N,N-DMPEA has been used as a PET imaging agent for measuring MAO-B activity in vivo.

Phenethylamines can interact with the metabolic enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), which can cause neurochemical dysfunction or changes in drug potency. There are two forms of MAO (A and B), each of which has unique substrate and inhibitor specificity. MAO is present throughout the body, especially in the liver and brain, where it metabolises neurotransmitters, dietary amines, and drugs. Due to the enzyme's role in neurotransmitter metabolism, MAO is an important pharmacological target for treating psychiatric conditions such as mood disorders, Parkinson's, and Alzheimer's diseases.

Summary of Proposed Mechanisms

• Weak partial TAAR1 agonism, promoting intracellular cAMP accumulation at pharmacologically relevant but low-potency concentrations.
• Subtype-selective α1B/α1D adrenergic receptor agonism at low efficacy, with no engagement of other adrenergic subtypes tested up to 300 µM.
• MAO-B substrate activity, leading to rapid oxidative deamination and a short duration of exposure.
• Negligible monoamine transporter inhibition, distinguishing N,N-DMPEA mechanistically from classical amphetamines.
• Potential 5-HT1A receptor binding, documented in rat models but not confirmed in human tissue.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Overall State of Clinical Evidence

Eria jarensis has an extremely limited amount of studies proving its efficacy as a supplement ingredient. Despite low clinical evidence, however, the structural makeup of this compound does provide some insight into the effects one might expect. This substance has little to no research performed in the sports performance field. Relatively few studies have been carried out on Eria jarensis; there is only one article from a journal—Acta Chemica Scandinavica—that specifically addresses this ingredient's chemistry.

There are no published placebo-controlled human clinical trials examining Eria jarensis extract or isolated N,N-DMPEA for any health outcome including mood, cognition, athletic performance, or body composition. The evidence base at the level of the whole plant extract is restricted entirely to a single 1969 analytical chemistry study. All subsequent pharmacological data pertains to the isolated alkaloid N,N-DMPEA studied in vitro or in animal models.

5.2 Mood and Cognitive Enhancement

Claimed basis: The mechanism by which Eria jarensis is promoted for mood and cognitive enhancement is attributed to its PEA-class alkaloids. Phenethylamine (PEA) is known for its stimulant and psychoactive effects, helping to modulate the release of noradrenaline and dopamine. These naturally occurring hormones support concentration, alertness, and the reward system. For this reason, PEA is often used to support mood and focus.

Evidence quality: This extrapolation relies on the well-characterised pharmacology of the parent compound, β-phenethylamine, not on clinical trials of Eria jarensis extract itself. Some preclinical studies on PEA analogues—compounds also found in Eria jarensis—have shown potential for enhancing mood, though their bioavailability and duration of action can be limited. Based on the structural similarities between this compound and more proven chemicals like phenethylamines, DMAA, and even amphetamine, one can infer that users might experience increased energy, focus enhancement, a mood boost, and theoretical performance enhancement— however, this remains inferential rather than empirically demonstrated in controlled human trials.

Verdict: No human clinical evidence. All support is mechanistically inferred from the pharmacology of structurally related trace amines.

5.3 Athletic and Exercise Performance

This substance has little to no research performed in the sports performance field. Given that it is relatively new, and that many companies have just begun taking interest, studies in the future assessing its safety and its ability to improve sports performance might be expected. No randomised controlled trials or observational human studies examining Eria jarensis for any exercise outcome (strength, power, endurance, body composition) have been identified in the literature.

Verdict: No human clinical evidence. Use in pre-workout products is based entirely on anecdote and structural analogies to stimulants with better-characterised profiles.

5.4 Fat Loss and Metabolic Effects

While there is anecdotal evidence that Eria jarensis may support fat loss by increasing metabolism and suppressing appetite, more research is needed to confirm these effects. These properties are frequently claimed on product labels but are not supported by any controlled human studies. The mechanism proposed—sympathomimetic stimulation increasing thermogenesis—is hypothetical and derived from structural analogy to other adrenergic agents.

Verdict: No controlled human evidence. Claim is speculative.

5.5 MAO-B Imaging Research (Radiolabelled N,N-DMPEA)

This is the most scientifically substantiated area of N,N-DMPEA research, though it is entirely unrelated to dietary supplementation. The application of N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine as a metabolic trapping agent for MAO-B activity assessment represents a sophisticated approach to neurochemical imaging that leverages the compound's specific enzymatic metabolism to provide quantitative measures of enzyme function in living tissue. Enzymatic recognition and binding initiate the metabolic trapping process through specific molecular recognition between N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine and the MAO-B active site. The phenethylamine backbone serves as the primary recognition element, with the enzyme's active site cavity accommodating the compound's aromatic ring system through hydrophobic interactions and π-π stacking mechanisms. PET studies using [¹¹C]-labelled DMPEA have been conducted in humans solely as a neuroimaging tool and do not constitute evidence for any supplement efficacy claim.

6. Body Systems Associated with Eria jarensis

Based on the pharmacology of its constituent alkaloids and the broader trace amine literature, Eria jarensis and N,N-DMPEA have been associated with the following body systems, though with the important caveat that human clinical evidence for these associations in the context of supplement use is absent:

• Central Nervous System: Via TAAR1 agonism and downstream modulation of dopaminergic and noradrenergic activity. TAAR1 activation triggers accumulation of intracellular cAMP, modulates PKA and PKC signaling, and interferes with the β-arrestin2-dependent pathway.
• Cardiovascular System: Via low-efficacy α1B/α1D adrenergic receptor agonism, which could theoretically influence vascular tone. Commonly reported (anecdotally) side effects include increased heart rate, jitteriness or restlessness, and elevated blood pressure.
• Autonomic Nervous System: Adrenergic receptor activation of the sympathetic arm. Compounds similar to Eria jarensis have been associated with extreme cases of increased blood pressure and rapid heartbeat; however, Eria jarensis extract is broken down quickly by the body, causing these side effects to be difficult to measure because they exist for only a short time period.
• Dopaminergic and Monoaminergic Pathways: Particularly through TAAR1-mediated modulation of dopamine neuron firing, a well-documented property of TAAR1 agonists more broadly. The bulk of evidence points to a significant physiological role of TAAR1 in the modulation of central nervous system function and a potential pharmacological role of TAAR1 agonists in neurology and/or psychiatry; however, the specific effects of TAAR1 stimulation are still controversial, and many crucial issues require further investigation.

7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages

No regulatory body has established a recommended dietary allowance (RDA), tolerable upper intake level (UL), or any other official dosage guidance for Eria jarensis extract or N,N-DMPEA taken orally as a dietary supplement. The following dosages are reported from commercial and analytical sources only, not from clinical trials:

• Supplement formulations typically include Eria jarensis extract at doses of 125–250 mg per serving, with industry claims suggesting this delivers 10–50 mg of DMPEA equivalents.
• Some supplements contain 250 mg of this extract per serving.
• There is no recommended dose for Eria jarensis Extract. The first company to experiment and lead the use of Eria jarensis Extract was Giant Sports, which recommended that dosages should not exceed 250 mg per day. That figure has become the typical standard seen in the industry.
• Testing of 12 supplements (powders and pills) labeled as containing Eria jarensis and purchased in the U.S. found that about two-thirds of products contained N,N-DMPEA at levels of 0.1 mg to 41 mg per serving.
• Products contained inaccurately labeled quantities of caffeine, theobromine, hordenine, yohimbine, N,N-dimethylphenethylamine, and synephrine. Products that listed caffeine on the label contained quantities ranging from 0.1 to 665 mg per serving size.

Phenylethylamines tend to have a short half-life in the body, around 5 to 10 minutes, meaning that they are excreted quite quickly. It is not yet clear whether the phenylethylamine contained in Eria jarensis shares this fate, but initial reports regarding the duration of effect are quite positive. The tertiary amine structure of N,N-DMPEA may confer somewhat greater metabolic stability relative to unsubstituted PEA, though this has not been formally characterised in human pharmacokinetic studies.

8. Safety Considerations and Regulatory Status

8.1 Clinical Safety Data

Due to the lack of human studies to date, it is difficult to determine how safe Eria jarensis actually is. The lack of reliable human studies also makes it difficult to answer questions about safety and adverse side effects. Since there has not been much research conducted around the consumption of this compound, many of the side effects are either anecdotal or are warnings by association compared with a similar compound.

8.2 Label Accuracy and Adulteration: The 2025 Cohen et al. Study

The most significant safety-relevant findings regarding Eria jarensis supplements come from a 2025 analytical study published in Clinical Toxicology by Pieter A. Cohen and colleagues from Cambridge Health Alliance/Harvard Medical School and the University of California, San Francisco. The study noted that the orchid Eria jarensis, purported to be a major source of N,N-dimethylphenethylamine, is promoted as a novel botanical ingredient in sports supplements. The researchers aimed to determine the presence and quantity of ingredients found in Eria jarensis sports supplements. Products were purchased online in the United States and each was analysed using liquid chromatography-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. None of the 12 Eria jarensis supplements analysed were accurately labeled.

Nine of 12 products either listed an ingredient on the label that was not detected in the product, or contained a stimulant not listed on the label. Four of 12 products contained an undeclared stimulant. In addition, two of these products contained the FDA-prohibited stimulant 1,4-dimethylamylamine (1,4-DMAA).

None of the sports supplements marketed as containing the orchid Eria jarensis were accurately labeled, and several contained quantities of ingredients—such as 665 mg of caffeine per serving and 108 mg of 1,4-dimethylamylamine per serving—that might pose health risks to susceptible consumers.

The authors concluded: "Given these findings, clinicians should advise consumers that sports supplements listing the orchid Eria jarensis may not be accurately labeled, may contain more than 600 mg of caffeine per serving and may contain an undeclared U.S. FDA-prohibited stimulant."

8.3 GRAS Status as a Flavoring Agent

N,N-dimethylphenethylamine is Generally Recognised as Safe (GRAS) as a flavoring substance used in food products such as cereal, cheese, dairy products, meat, fish and fruit. This GRAS designation applies specifically to its use as a flavoring agent in those food matrices, not to its use at pharmacologically active doses in dietary supplements. N,N-DMPEA has been deemed safe for use as a flavoring agent by regulatory bodies including the Flavor and Extract Manufacturers Association (FEMA) and the Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). However, high doses might lead to unknown side effects, and further research is warranted to establish a definitive safety profile.

8.4 Regulatory and Anti-Doping Status

Although not banned by the FDA, Eria jarensis lacks sufficient safety data and is listed as a prohibited substance by WADA (World Anti-Doping Agency). Commonly found in pre-workout and energy supplements, athletes should carefully review supplement labels to avoid unintentionally consuming this banned stimulant.

DMPEA — Eria jarensis extract is suggested to be a natural source of this compound, and extracts still commonly occur in commerce as dietary supplements. The Bioanalytical Systems/Centre for Sport and Exercise Science (BSCG) includes the ingredient on its Dietary Supplement Ingredient Advisory List.

Eria jarensis contains PEA derivatives which are banned in competitive sports under the WADA Prohibited List. Additionally, a 2022 case in Australia involved the illegal importation of phenylethylamine HCl, highlighting the legal risks associated with these compounds.

Due to the similarity of PEA derivatives to amphetamines, Eria jarensis may cause false positives in drug tests. It is recommended to avoid use if subject to regular drug screening.

8.5 Potential Drug Interactions

No formal drug interaction studies involving Eria jarensis extract or N,N-DMPEA have been published in clinical literature. The following interactions are identified on a mechanistic and class-based basis:

• MAO inhibitors (MAOIs): Because N,N-DMPEA is primarily metabolised by MAO-B, co-administration with MAO inhibitors (including both clinical MAOIs and natural MAO-inhibiting compounds such as harmine or hordenine) could substantially prolong and intensify effects, with risk of hypertensive crisis. Phenethylamines can interact with the metabolic enzyme monoamine oxidase (MAO), which can cause neurochemical dysfunction or changes in drug potency.
• Other stimulants: Eria jarensis has been known to be used in pre-workouts and pairs with ingredients such as caffeine anhydrous, DMHA, synephrine, hordenine, and higenamine, creating the potential for additive cardiovascular stress, though the clinical implications of these combinations have not been studied.
• Sympathomimetic agents: Given the compound's α1B/α1D adrenergic receptor agonism, additive cardiovascular effects are mechanistically plausible with other sympathomimetic drugs, but remain unstudied.

8.6 Structural Relationship to Methamphetamine

N,N-DMPEA is a positional isomer of methamphetamine. Instead of the methyl group attached to the alpha position of phenylethylamine in methamphetamine, in N,N-DMPEA it is attached to the nitrogen group. Both substances share the chemical formula C₁₀H₁₅N. This structural similarity does not imply equivalent pharmacology—the transporter-inhibiting mechanism of methamphetamine is notably absent from N,N-DMPEA based on in vitro data—but it does explain the drug-test cross-reactivity concern and the cautious regulatory posture.

9. Evidence Summary Table

• Identity / Chemistry: Well characterised (1969 analytical study, in vitro receptor pharmacology studies from 2016 onward). Evidence: Strong for the chemistry; applies to isolated molecule.
• Mood enhancement: No human clinical trials. Mechanistically inferred from PEA pharmacology. Evidence: Very weak / preclinical only.
• Cognitive enhancement / focus: No human clinical trials. Evidence: Very weak / anecdotal.
• Athletic performance: No human clinical trials. Evidence: Absent.
• Fat loss / thermogenesis: No human clinical trials. Evidence: Absent.
• Safety profile: No clinical toxicology or pharmacokinetic trials. Analytical adulteration data available (Cohen et al., 2025). Evidence: Insufficient for supplement use; real-world adulteration risk documented.

References

• Hedman K, Lüning B, Leander K. Studies on Orchidaceae Alkaloids. XV. Phenethylamines from Eria jarensis Ames. Acta Chemica Scandinavica. 1969;23:3261. (Archived: web.archive.org)
• Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Plants of the World Online: Pinalia jarensis (Ames) W.Suarez & Cootes.
• NIH Office of Dietary Supplements. Dietary Supplement Label Database (DSLD): Eria jarensis.
• Cohen PA, Abarca R, Sovereign A, Gonzaga MJ, Gerona R. Presence and quantity of ingredients in sports supplements purportedly containing the orchid Eria jarensis. Clinical Toxicology. 2025;63(11):993–997. doi:10.1080/15563650.2025.2515242.
• Wikipedia. N,N-Dimethylphenethylamine.
• Pei Y, Asif-Malik A, Canales JJ. Trace Amines and the Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1: Pharmacology, Neurochemistry, and Clinical Implications. Frontiers in Neuroscience. 2016;10:148. PMC4820462.
• Rutigliano G, Accorroni A, Zucchi R. The Case for TAAR1 as a Modulator of Central Nervous System Function. Frontiers in Pharmacology. 2018;8:987. PMC5767590.
• NutraIngredients. Analysis raises concerns about quality and potential health risks of Eria jarensis sports supplements. July 18, 2025.
• ConsumerLab.com. Warning: Hidden Dangers in Some Eria Jarensis Sports Supplements. July 24, 2025.
• Schindler CW, et al. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase (MAO) by α-ethylphenethylamine and N,α-diethylphenethylamine, two compounds related to dietary supplements. Food and Chemical Toxicology. 2014.
• Shi X, et al. Genetic Polymorphisms Affect Mouse and Human Trace Amine-Associated Receptor 1 Function. PLOS ONE. 2016. PMC4816557.
• Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). Eria jarensis Ames. GBIF Backbone Taxonomy.
• Banned Substances Control Group (BSCG). Dietary Supplement Ingredient Advisory List.
• WorldCat. Phenethylamines from Eria jarensis Ames: Studies on Orchidaceae alkaloids. XV. Authors: Kaj Hedman, Björn Lüning, Kurt Leander.