Infertilidad

1,3-DMAA (dimethylamylamine; DMAA) is a synthetic stimulant marketed as naturally occurring that has potent CNS and sympathomimetic stimulant activity producing significant thermogenic effects via adrenergic stimulation. It was widely used in thermogenic supplements until being classified as unsafe and withdrawn by the FDA due to serious adverse events including cardiovascular toxicity.

6-Paradol is the primary thermogenic compound in grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta). It directly triggers brown adipose tissue thermogenesis by stimulating sympathetic nerve efferent discharges dose-dependently, with sustained effects up to 3 hours and no desensitization. Published in Autonomic Neuroscience (2010) and confirmed in human FDG-PET BAT activation studies.

7-Keto-DHEA is a naturally occurring metabolite of DHEA that increases thermogenic enzyme activity (mitochondrial sn-glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) and uncoupling protein levels, mimicking thyroid hormone's thermogenic mechanism. A placebo-controlled RCT showed significantly greater fat loss in the 7-Keto group. A 2023 systematic review (PMC 10348924) confirmed its thermogenic mechanism.

Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) transports long-chain fatty acids into mitochondria for beta-oxidation and is included in thermogenic supplements to promote fat utilization and increase energy expenditure. Human RCTs document increases in resting metabolic rate when ALC is combined with caffeine. It is a common component of multi-ingredient thermogenic formulas studied in PMC-indexed trials.

Acetyl-L-tyrosine is the acetylated, more bioavailable form of L-tyrosine, an amino acid precursor to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine) that drive thermogenesis. Supporting catecholamine synthesis provides substrate for the sympathetic thermogenic cascade. It is included in thermogenic supplement formulas specifically for this role and is documented in thermogenic supplement clinical studies.

A. galanga is documented as having thermogenic properties among its pharmacological activities, consistent with its traditional classification as a 'warming' herb. The pungent compounds ACA and related phenylpropanoids are structurally related to thermogenic agents. This is listed as a proven pharmacological property in ScienceDirect nutraceutical literature.

Berberine is an isoquinoline alkaloid from berberis, coptis, and related plants that activates AMPK and the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway to promote white adipose tissue remodeling and thermogenesis by increasing UCP-1 expression. Multiple RCTs confirm anti-obesity effects. A 2021 PMC study mechanistically confirmed berberine promotes thermogenesis via AMPK/SIRT1-PPARγ deacetylation.

Piperine stimulates catecholamine release in intestinal epithelial cells, triggering a cAMP-mediated thermogenic response. This thermogenic action is one of its primary mechanisms as a bioavailability enhancer branded as BioPerine. It is well-characterized mechanistically, though the magnitude and duration of thermogenic effect in humans are modest.

The caffeine in black tea is a documented thermogenic agent that increases energy expenditure and stimulates fat oxidation in humans. Clinical nutrition literature confirms caffeine raises metabolic rate, and black tea polyphenols may contribute additional modest thermogenic effects via AMPK activation.

Caffeine is the most extensively studied thermogenic agent, consistently shown to increase resting metabolic rate (RMR) by 3–11% in controlled human trials. It stimulates the central nervous system, enhances fat oxidation, and inhibits phosphodiesterase, raising cAMP and promoting lipolysis. Studies use 100–300 mg/day to demonstrate metabolic effects.

Capsaicin, the active compound in chili peppers, is one of the most scientifically validated non-stimulant thermogenic agents. It increases energy expenditure by activating TRPV1 receptors, triggering catecholamine release, and shifting substrate oxidation toward fat. Meta-analyses confirm modest increases in resting energy expenditure and fat oxidation.

Capsaicinoids are the collective class of thermogenic compounds (capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, nordihydrocapsaicin, etc.) in Capsicum peppers. Human studies confirm they increase resting energy expenditure and fat oxidation via TRPV1 receptor activation and catecholamine release. A 2012 meta-analysis (Ludy et al.) consolidated evidence in humans.

Capsiate is a non-pungent analog of capsaicin found in sweet peppers, studied as a thermogenic agent that increases energy expenditure via TRPV1-like mechanisms without the oral irritation of capsaicin. A 2012 meta-analysis (Ludy et al.) confirmed effects on energy balance in humans. It is noted in the 2016 Phytotherapy Research systematic review as a more tolerable thermogenic alternative to capsaicin.

Capsaicin is among the most extensively studied dietary thermogenic agents, with meta-analyses of human studies confirming it augments energy expenditure and fat oxidation via sympathetic nervous system activation and brown adipose tissue engagement.

Capsinoids (capsiate, dihydrocapsiate, nordihydrocapsiate) are non-pungent analogs of capsaicinoids found in sweet peppers that activate thermogenesis via TRPV1-like mechanisms. Human RCTs have documented 50–100 kcal/day increases in energy expenditure. They are recognized in the 2016 Phytotherapy Research systematic review as preferred thermogenic alternatives to capsaicin due to better tolerability.

EGCG increases thermogenesis by inhibiting COMT, which prolongs norepinephrine activity and stimulates brown adipose tissue activity. Clinical trials confirm that green tea catechins—particularly when combined with caffeine—significantly increase 24-hour energy expenditure and fat oxidation compared to placebo.

Capsaicin is among the best-characterised dietary thermogenic agents, activating brown adipose tissue (BAT) through TRPV1 and increasing resting energy expenditure. Human RCTs including a double-blind placebo-controlled study (n=40, 9 mg/day capsinoids) confirmed increased BAT vascular density and resting energy expenditure in overweight individuals.

Chlorogenic acid from green coffee bean extract is classified as a primary non-stimulant thermogenic agent in the 2016 Phytotherapy Research systematic review. It inhibits glucose-6-phosphatase, modulates fat metabolism, and reduces body weight and fat in multiple human RCTs. Green coffee bean extract standardized to chlorogenic acids has been the focus of multiple clinical trials.

CLA is a group of fatty acids naturally found in ruminant meat and dairy that has been studied for body composition benefits including increased fat oxidation and thermogenesis. Meta-analyses of RCTs confirm modest reductions in body fat mass. PMC-indexed thermogenic supplement studies include CLA as a fat-burning matrix ingredient.

The MCTs in coconut milk increase diet-induced thermogenesis by approximately 16% compared to long-chain triglycerides due to their direct hepatic oxidation and higher metabolic heat production. A peer-reviewed analysis (Ingale et al., Journal of Food Science, 1999) established this thermogenic difference, and multiple reviews have confirmed that MCT metabolism is more thermogenic than LCT metabolism.

MCTs in coconut oil travel directly to the liver and undergo rapid oxidation, inducing thermogenesis. Human trials show MCT oil increases postprandial energy expenditure vs. LCTs. However, whole coconut oil is dominated by lauric acid (C12), which has attenuated thermogenic effects relative to C8/C10; a RCT in obese adolescents found no significant thermogenic enhancement from coconut oil vs. corn oil.

Coleus forskohlii root extract (standardized to forskolin) is a non-stimulant thermogenic that stimulates adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP, promoting lipolysis and regulating the body's thermogenic response to food. Human RCTs have shown body composition improvements. The 2016 Phytotherapy Research systematic review identifies it as a primary non-stimulant thermogenic agent.

Dihydrocapsaicin is one of the major capsaicinoids in hot peppers alongside capsaicin, sharing the same TRPV1-activating thermogenic mechanism. It increases energy expenditure and fat oxidation and is included in the capsaicinoid class of thermogenic compounds studied in multiple human and animal trials.

Dimethylamylamine (DMAA; 1,3-dimethylamylamine) is a potent synthetic sympathomimetic stimulant used in thermogenic supplements for its adrenergic thermogenic and fat-mobilizing effects. It significantly increases energy expenditure and metabolic rate via norepinephrine-releasing activity. Banned by the FDA for dietary supplements due to serious cardiovascular adverse events.

DMHA (2-aminoisoheptane; octodrine) is a synthetic aliphatic amine with structural similarity to DMAA that was introduced into thermogenic supplements after DMAA's ban. It is a central nervous system stimulant with sympathomimetic and thermogenic activity via norepinephrine and dopamine reuptake inhibition, marketed as a legal DMAA replacement in fat burners.

EGCG is the major bioactive catechin in green tea and is the primary thermogenic compound in green tea extract. It increases 24-hour energy expenditure and fat oxidation, partly by inhibiting catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) to prolong norepinephrine signaling. Human RCTs confirm effects on energy expenditure, especially when combined with caffeine.

Ephedra (ma huang) contains ephedrine and related alkaloids that are among the most potent documented thermogenic stimulants. Clinical trials demonstrated significant increases in metabolic rate and weight loss. Ephedra was banned by the FDA in 2004 for dietary supplement use due to cardiovascular safety risks, but the scientific thermogenic evidence is well-established.

Ephedrine is the primary thermogenic alkaloid in Ephedra sinica, acting via beta-adrenergic receptor stimulation to increase brown adipose tissue thermogenesis and resting metabolic rate. Multiple placebo-controlled RCTs (Astrup et al., 1991–1994) confirmed 8–10% increases in RMR and significant fat loss. The 2016 Phytotherapy Research systematic review lists ephedrine as the primary example of a stimulant thermogenic agent.

Eria jarensis is an orchid species whose extract contains N-phenethyl dimethylamine (NPDMA), a phenethylamine alkaloid with stimulant and thermogenic effects via dopamine and norepinephrine release, marketed as a DMAA/DMHA replacement in thermogenic fat burners. It was widely included in thermogenic supplements from around 2016 onward.

Evodiamine is an alkaloid from Evodia rutaecarpa with thermogenic and anti-obesity properties. Preclinical research shows it reduces diet-induced obesity via both UCP-1-dependent and UCP-1-independent mechanisms. It is included in multi-ingredient thermogenic formulas studied in human RCTs, though direct human thermogenesis data are mixed.

Forskohlii root (Coleus forskohlii root) is the botanical source of forskolin, the primary non-stimulant thermogenic compound that activates adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP, triggering lipolysis and thermogenesis. Clinical trials show body composition improvements. Classified as a non-stimulant thermogenic in the 2016 Phytotherapy Research review.

Forskolin is the active diterpene in Coleus forskohlii root and a primary non-stimulant thermogenic agent. It directly activates adenylyl cyclase to increase cAMP, triggering lipolysis and thermogenesis. Identified in the 2016 Phytotherapy Research systematic review as a primary non-stimulant thermogenic; human RCTs show body composition benefits at 25–50 mg/day.

Fucoxanthin is a marine carotenoid from brown seaweeds that promotes thermogenesis by upregulating UCP-1 in white adipose tissue. Preclinical and clinical evidence (16-week RCT, Xanthigen) demonstrates significant reductions in body weight, waist circumference, and metabolic parameters. The 2016 Phytotherapy Research thermogenic review identifies it as a non-stimulant thermogenic carotenoid.

Ginger (Zingiber officinale) contains shogaols, gingerols, and paradols that activate PGC-1α and thermogenic pathways in adipose tissue. GNC and preclinical research document fat metabolism pathway activation, and shogaols have been identified as specific thermogenic compounds activating PGC-1α in brown and white adipose tissue. It has a long traditional use in Ayurvedic and Chinese medicine for metabolic support.

Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) extract activates brown adipose tissue (BAT) thermogenesis via sympathetic nerve stimulation. The active compound 6-paradol triggers BAT temperature increases dose-dependently in rats, and a human clinical study demonstrated increased whole-body energy expenditure and BAT activation measured by FDG-PET.

Green tea extract (standardized to catechins/EGCG) is one of the most studied thermogenic botanicals. It increases 24-hour energy expenditure by approximately 4% and promotes fat oxidation via COMT inhibition and sympathetic nervous system activation. Multiple RCTs support its thermogenic activity, particularly in combination with caffeine.

Guarana (Paullinia cupana) seeds contain high concentrations of caffeine (2–8%) along with theophylline and theobromine, making it a traditional and scientifically supported thermogenic. Multiple clinical studies and reviews confirm its thermogenic activity, largely attributed to its methylxanthine content. It is a common thermogenic ingredient in energy and fat-burning supplements.

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside in citrus peel identified in the 2016 Phytotherapy Research thermogenic review as a non-stimulant thermogenic flavonoid that facilitates energy metabolism and weight management when combined with other thermogenic agents. Preclinical and human studies support its fat-oxidizing and anti-obesity effects.

Higenamine (norcoclaurine) is a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist from Aconitum, Nandina domestica, and other plants that directly stimulates beta-adrenergic thermogenesis and lipolysis. It is included in thermogenic supplements as a legal ephedrine alternative. A US patent on thermogenic compositions lists higenamine among thermogenic fat-burning compounds.

Hordenine is a phenethylamine alkaloid in barley sprouts and bitter orange that acts as a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAO-B) and indirect sympathomimetic, prolonging norepinephrine-driven thermogenesis. It is included in thermogenic supplement formulas alongside yohimbine, synephrine, and caffeine for its fat-mobilizing adrenergic potentiating effects.

L-carnitine is required for mitochondrial transport of long-chain fatty acids for beta-oxidation and energy expenditure. Included in thermogenic supplement formulas, multiple clinical studies confirm it elevates resting energy expenditure and fat oxidation when combined with caffeine and other thermogenic ingredients. Identified in PMC-indexed thermogenic supplement trials as a fat-burning matrix ingredient.

L-tyrosine is the amino acid precursor to catecholamines (dopamine, norepinephrine, epinephrine), which are the primary drivers of sympathetic nervous system thermogenesis. Included in thermogenic formulas to support catecholamine substrate availability. A thermogenic RCT by Hoffman et al. containing tyrosine showed a 17.9% RMR increase in female participants.

Multiple human metabolic studies have demonstrated that MCTs stimulate thermogenesis (diet-induced heat production) to a significantly greater degree than LCTs. The thermic effect of MCTs is attributed primarily to hepatic de novo lipogenesis from excess acetyl-CoA and the energetic cost of rapid beta-oxidation, resulting in greater postprandial energy expenditure.

Methylliberine (Dynamine) is a purine alkaloid in kucha tea (Camellia assamica) structurally related to theacrine and caffeine with stimulant and potential thermogenic properties. It modulates adenosine and dopamine signaling and is marketed in thermogenic supplements for faster-onset stimulant effects than theacrine. Human pharmacokinetic studies confirm its activity.

Methylsynephrine (oxilofrine) is a beta-adrenergic agonist structurally related to synephrine and ephedrine. It stimulates adrenergic receptors to increase heart rate, metabolic rate, and thermogenesis. It is found in some Citrus species and has been included in thermogenic supplements as a stimulant thermogenic, though it carries greater cardiovascular risk than p-synephrine.

Methylxanthines (caffeine, theophylline, theobromine) are a class of xanthine derivatives that inhibit phosphodiesterase to increase cAMP and activate the sympathetic nervous system, collectively representing the most pharmacologically established class of thermogenic agents in both traditional and scientific literature.

AITC from mustard activates TRPA1 cold receptors and was hypothesized to induce thermogenesis by activating brown adipose tissue. However, a human crossover RCT (n=11) found that the highest tolerable dose of mustard AITC did not produce a relevant thermogenic response, though animal data (mice) showed increased energy expenditure.

Naringin is a flavanone glycoside in citrus (especially grapefruit) identified in the 2016 Phytotherapy Research thermogenic review as a non-stimulant thermogenic flavonoid that facilitates energy metabolism. It enhances thermogenesis when combined with other agents, modulates fat oxidation, and inhibits adipogenesis in preclinical models.

Piperine, the primary alkaloid of black pepper, is a thermogenic enhancer that stimulates heat production in intestinal cells and enhances nutrient bioavailability. Clinical research confirms piperine increases thermogenesis and metabolic rate, and it is widely included in thermogenic supplements (as BioPerine) to enhance both direct thermogenic activity and the bioavailability of co-administered thermogenic compounds.

Rauwolscine is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist (diastereomer of yohimbine) from Rauwolfia and Pausinystalia species that promotes fat mobilization and thermogenesis through the same mechanism as yohimbine. It has greater alpha-2 receptor selectivity and potency than yohimbine. It is recognized in the thermogenic supplement literature for its adrenergic fat-mobilizing effects.

Caffeine from robusta coffee is one of the most established thermogenic agents in human nutrition, increasing resting energy expenditure and fat oxidation via sympathomimetic mechanisms. A controlled study found 8 mg/kg caffeine increased energy expenditure by 16% over three hours post-ingestion. Green robusta coffee extract (standardised for CGA) is among the most widely used thermogenic supplement ingredients, combining caffeine-mediated thermogenesis with CGA-mediated metabolic effects.

Shogaols are thermogenic compounds in ginger formed from gingerols via dehydration. [10]-shogaol specifically and strongly stimulates PGC-1α activity in adipose tissue, a master regulator of thermogenesis, and ginger extracts with high shogaol content show superior thermogenic activity. Preclinical and constituent-identification research confirm their role.

Synephrine (p-synephrine), the primary alkaloid in bitter orange (Citrus aurantium), is a well-documented non-stimulant thermogenic agent. It stimulates beta-3 adrenergic receptors to trigger thermogenesis without significant cardiovascular effects. More than 30 studies support its safety and thermogenic efficacy; a 2016 Phytotherapy Research review classifies it as a primary non-stimulant thermogenic.

Theacrine (1,3,7,9-tetramethyluric acid) is a purine alkaloid in kucha tea (Camellia assamica var. kucha) and camu camu with stimulant and thermogenic properties. It activates dopaminergic and adenosinergic pathways similarly to caffeine, increasing energy expenditure and resting metabolic rate, while reportedly demonstrating less rapid tolerance development than caffeine.

Theobromine is a methylxanthine from cacao that inhibits phosphodiesterase and mildly stimulates the sympathetic nervous system, contributing to thermogenesis. It is included in thermogenic supplement formulations alongside caffeine and appears in the thermogenic literature as a contributing ingredient. Its thermogenic effect is weaker than caffeine but documented.

Theophylline is a methylxanthine in tea, cacao, and guarana that inhibits phosphodiesterase to raise cAMP, stimulating thermogenesis. It also enhances beta-adrenergic receptor sensitivity, potentiating ephedrine- and catecholamine-driven fat oxidation. It is documented in the thermogenic literature and included in thermogenic compound reviews.

Yerba mate (Ilex paraguariensis) contains caffeine, theobromine, and chlorogenic acids, collectively producing thermogenic and fat-oxidizing effects. Clinical studies document increases in energy expenditure and fat oxidation, and multiple thermogenic supplement papers include yerba mate extract as a thermogenic botanical alongside caffeine and green tea.

Yohimbine is pharmacologically classified as a thermogenic agent. It increases heat production in thermoneutral conditions by amplifying adrenergic and metabolic responses. Its thermogenic effect occurs through α2-adrenergic blockade leading to enhanced sympathetic activation, increased lipolysis, and facilitation of shivering thermogenesis, distinguishing it mechanistically from norepinephrine-driven non-shivering thermogenesis.

Yohimbine is an alpha-2 adrenergic receptor antagonist from Pausinystalia yohimbe bark that promotes fat mobilization and thermogenesis by blocking inhibitory alpha-2 receptors in adipose tissue, increasing norepinephrine-driven lipolysis. Human RCTs confirm increased fat oxidation and resting metabolic rate, and it is commonly included in thermogenic supplement formulations.

Zingerone is a bioactive phenolic compound from ginger (Zingiber officinale) produced during heating/drying of gingerols. Preclinical studies show it activates beta-adrenergic receptors in adipose tissue, increases norepinephrine-induced lipolysis, and promotes thermogenesis. It is identified as part of ginger's thermogenic constituent profile.

Z. bungeanum is described in TCM as a strongly 'warming' herb that generates internal heat and warms the middle and lower burners. This warming/thermogenic function is one of its primary TCM properties. Sanshool's TRPV1 activity provides partial mechanistic plausibility, but direct calorimetric human data are absent.