3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran

Other Names

3,4-bis-(3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzyl)tetrahydrofuran3,4-bis[(3-methoxy-4-hydroxyphenyl)methyl]tetrahydrofuran3,4-Divanilyltetrahydrofuran4,4′-(tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diyldimethanediyl)bis(2-methoxyphenol)4,4′-Dihydroxy-3,3′-dimethoxy-9,9′-epoxylignan4,4′-[(Tetrahydro-3,4-furandiyl)bis(methylene)]bis[2-methoxyphenol]4,4′-[Oxolane-3,4-diylbis(methylene)]bis(2-methoxyphenol)4,4′-[Tetrahydrofuran-3,4-diylbis(methylene)]bis(2-methoxyphenol)4-({4-[(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)methyl]oxolan-3-yl}methyl)-2-methoxyphenolAnhydrosecoisolariciresinolCreosol, α,α′-(tetrahydro-3,4-furandiyl)di-deoxomatairesinolDVTHFPhenol, 4,4′-[(tetrahydro-3,4-furandiyl)bis(methylene)]bis[2-methoxy-tetrahydro-3,4-divanillylfuran

Synopsis

3,4-Divanillyltetrahydrofuran: A Comprehensive Encyclopedic Reference

1. Identity: Chemical and Botanical Profile

1.1 Nomenclature and Chemical Classification

3,4-Divanillyltetrahydrofuran is a lignan found in an Urtica dioica (stinging nettle) subspecies. It belongs specifically to the furofuran subclass of lignans. Its structure consists of a central tetrahydrofuran ring substituted at the 3 and 4 positions with vanillyl groups (4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl). The compound is also commonly known by the trade or colloquial names Divanil and DVTF (or DVTHF). The CAS number of the compound is 34730-78-4 and its molecular formula is C₂₀H₂₄O₅. Its molecular weight is 344.4 g/mol.

1.2 Natural Sources

3,4-Divanillyltetrahydrofuran (DVTF) is a lignan compound primarily extracted from nettle root (Urtica dioica) and other botanical sources such as flax seed (Linum usitatissimum). The principal natural source of this compound is the root of the stinging nettle plant, Urtica dioica L. It has also been identified in extracts from the related species Urtica fissa E. Pritz., a close relative used medicinally in China. Polar extracts of the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) roots contain the lignans (+)-neoolivil, (−)-secoisolariciresinol, dehydrodiconiferyl alcohol, isolariciresinol, pinoresinol, and 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran.

Urtica dioica L. (Urticaceae family), known under the common names stinging nettle, common nettle, and Ortiga, is a perennial herbaceous plant native to Eurasia, which grows on damp soils, meadows, and abandoned fields in dappled-shaded spots. Urtica species present a subcosmopolitan distribution, being found around the globe, except in Antarctica and some tropical regions.

1.3 Sterochemistry

The compound occurs in both enantiomeric and racemic forms. Research has identified both the (−) and (±) forms. (+/−)-diastereoisomers are more active than meso compounds; the 4-hydroxy-3-methoxy (guaiacyl) substitution pattern in the aromatic part is most effective for SHBG binding; and the activity increases with the decline in polarity of the aliphatic part of the molecule. In the aromatic part, a 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy substitution pattern is most effective for binding to SHBG.

1.4 Common Preparations and Commercial Forms

The most common form for 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran in dietary supplement product formulations is 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran 95% powder. Commercially, the compound is sold either as a highly purified isolated lignan standardized to 95% or as part of a broad-spectrum nettle root extract in which it is one of several co-occurring lignans. The parts of the plant commonly used in herbal products are dried rhizomes, roots, leaves, seeds, and flowering plants. Supplement preparations include encapsulated powders, tinctures, and aqueous/ethanolic extracts, with the root being the principal part used for lignan-based applications.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

2.1 European Traditional Medicine

Genus Urtica, commonly known as "nettle," is a medicinal plant belonging to the family Urticaceae with multiple health benefits that have been used medicinally since at least the times of Ancient Greece. Historically, stinging nettle has been revered in traditional medicine across Europe, Asia, and North America for its broad spectrum of health benefits. The roots, rich in bioactive components including 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran, have been used for centuries to address ailments such as joint discomfort, urinary issues, and, notably, male health concerns.

The root extract has been used traditionally for the treatment of symptomatic BPH. The fresh and dried flower parts are traditionally used for joint pain and urinary tract infections, as well. Moreover, it can be used externally as a remedy for hair loss, against seborrhea and dandruff of the scalp.

2.2 Asian Traditional Medicine

Urtica fissa E. Pritz. are important herbs and have been traditionally used as ethnic medicine to treat rheumatism, inflammation, diabetes, and benign prostatic hyperplasia by the Han, Uighur, and other minorities in China, and also as an aphrodisiac in Uighur medicine. The use of stinging nettle species in China thus encompasses both the treatment of urogenital and inflammatory conditions as well as enhancement of sexual function, with the root as the primary medicinal part.

2.3 Broad Ethnobotanical Record

Urtica species have been used most commonly as a diuretic and for treating gout, anemia, and prostate hypertrophy, with several studies progressively reporting their traditional medicinal use by local people. Stinging nettle has been used to treat rheumatism, eczema, arthritis, gout, and anemia, for over a thousand years. Nettles have traditionally been used for their diuretic and hypotensive effects.

It is important to note that in traditional herbal practice, 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran was not used as an isolated compound. The historical use was always of whole-root preparations — decoctions, tinctures, or dried root powders — with 3,4-DVTF later identified by modern analytical chemistry as one of the root's principal biologically active constituents.

3. Phytochemistry: Co-occurring Constituents in the Natural Source

Other compounds found in nettle root extract include the glycoside beta-sitosterol, and related compounds daucosterol and campesterol, lignans such as (+)-neoolivil, isolariciresinol, and pinoresinol, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, the anthocyanin pelargonidin, and vitamins like vitamin C. It also contains vanillic acid and other structurally-related compounds.

The analysis of the phytochemical composition of Urtica dioica indicated the presence of several bioactive compounds, including phenolic compounds, sterols, polysaccharides, fatty acids, and isolectins. U. dioica agglutinin (UDA) is a heat- and acid-resistant lectin found in stinging nettle, primarily the root. UDA can block the binding of the epidermal growth factor (EGF) secreted by the prostatic tissue to its receptor with suppression of prostate-cell metabolism and growth. This broader chemical matrix is relevant because, in whole-root extracts, multiple components may act additively or synergistically with 3,4-DVTF.

4. Mechanisms of Action

4.1 Binding to Sex Hormone-Binding Globulin (SHBG)

The most extensively documented mechanism of 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran is its interaction with sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), a plasma glycoprotein that regulates the bioavailability of steroid hormones. SHBG determines the equilibrium between free and protein-bound androgens and estrogens in the blood and regulates their access to target tissues.

The compound has been found to occupy binding sites of sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG), thereby reducing the ability of SHBG to bind additional steroid hormones such as estrogens and androgens, mostly testosterone and estradiol. By occupying binding sites on SHBG, DVTF can reduce the protein's capacity to bind steroid hormones like testosterone and estradiol, thereby potentially increasing the concentration of bioavailable free testosterone in experimental models.

A landmark series of in vitro studies from the University of Bayreuth established the quantitative binding affinity of 3,4-DVTF. Polar extracts of the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) roots contain several lignans; these compounds were either isolated from Urtica roots, or obtained semisynthetically; their affinity to human sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was tested in an in vitro assay. All lignans except (−)-pinoresinol developed a binding affinity to SHBG in the in vitro assay. The affinity of (−)-3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran was outstandingly high.

A subsequent study by Schöttner, Spiteller and Gansser, published in the Journal of Natural Products in 1998, characterized the binding further. The natural lignans (−)-3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran, (−)-matairesinol, (−)-secoisolariciresinol, (+/−)-enterolactone, (+/−)-enterodiol, and nordihydroguaiaretic acid (NDGA) reduce the binding of ³H-labeled 5α-dihydrotestosterone (DHT) to human sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG). (−)-3,4-Divanillyltetrahydrofuran has the highest binding affinity (Ka = 3.2 ± 1.7 × 10⁶ M⁻¹) of all lignans investigated so far.

An important refinement of this understanding came from a 2020 structural study using crystallographic methods. Using crystallographic approaches and radiolabeled competitive binding-capacity assays, researchers reported how two nonsteroidal compounds bind to human SHBG, and how they influence androgen activity in cell culture. They found that one of these compounds, (−)3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran (DVT), present in stinging nettle root extracts and used as a nutraceutical, binds SHBG with relatively low affinity. This finding is significant: it qualifies the earlier characterizations by noting that while 3,4-DVTF binds SHBG, its affinity in this more recent crystallographic assessment was described as "relatively low" compared to endogenous steroidal ligands.

4.2 Modulation of SHBG Binding to Prostatic Membrane Receptors

A separate but related mechanism involves the interaction of nettle root extracts with SHBG receptors on prostate cell membranes. A 1995 study set out to determine whether specific extracts from U. dioica had the ability to modulate the binding of sex hormone-binding globulin to its receptor on human prostatic membranes. Extracts from the roots of the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) are used in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia. The mechanisms underlying this treatment had not been fully elucidated. Of the four tested substances, only the aqueous extract was active. It inhibited the binding of ¹²⁵I-SHBG to its receptor. The inhibition was dose-related, starting at about 0.6 mg/ml and completely inhibited binding at 10 mg/ml.

Lignans from root extract inhibit not only the binding of androgens to their transporter proteins SHBG, but also their binding to the prostate's membrane receptors, inhibiting their proliferative activity on prostate tissues. An aqueous but not a 70% ethanol nettle root extract inhibited in a dose-related manner the binding of radioactively labelled SHBG to receptors on human prostatic membranes. Isolated UDA, a lectin, and stigmasta-4-en-3-one, were without any effect.

4.3 Activation of the Nur77/StAR/P450scc Pathway in Testosterone Biosynthesis

A mechanistic pathway beyond SHBG competition has been described in animal model research. Decreased Nur77 expression was observed in diabetic mice, which may lead to testicular injury and hypogonadism. DVTF could restore the expression of Nur77 in testes, thereby promoting the upregulation of StAR and increasing testosterone. DVTF treatment increased the expression of Nur77, StAR, and P450scc in the testes of diabetic mice. DVTF and Nur77 formed chemical bonds at five sites.

The Nur77 (also known as NR4A1) pathway is a nuclear receptor involved in the transcriptional regulation of steroidogenesis; StAR (steroidogenic acute regulatory protein) and P450scc (cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme) are rate-limiting enzymes in testosterone biosynthesis in Leydig cells. This indicates a mechanism of action beyond simple SHBG displacement, potentially involving upregulation of intratesticular androgen production at the enzymatic level. This pathway has been characterized only in preclinical (animal) models to date.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Sex Hormone Regulation and Free Testosterone Bioavailability

In Vitro Evidence (Well-Established): Polar extracts of the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica L.) roots contain multiple lignans; these compounds were either isolated from Urtica roots, or obtained semisynthetically; their affinity to human SHBG was tested in an in vitro assay. All lignans except (−)-pinoresinol developed a binding affinity to SHBG in the in vitro assay. The affinity of (−)-3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran was outstandingly high. This in vitro SHBG binding activity is the most reproducible and well-documented finding in the scientific literature, confirmed across multiple independent laboratory groups.

Qualification from Crystallographic Research: One of these compounds, (−)3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran (DVT), present in stinging nettle root extracts and used as a nutraceutical, binds SHBG with relatively low affinity. This 2020 publication in the Journal of Biological Chemistry introduces important nuance: the binding affinity observed in competitive binding assays may differ from that characterised under crystallographic conditions, and the compound's practical significance as an SHBG displacer at physiologically achievable concentrations remains uncertain.

Clinical Evidence: No published randomized clinical trials have directly measured the effect of isolated, purified 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran as a standalone intervention on serum free testosterone levels in human subjects. The human evidence that exists pertains to whole Urtica dioica root extracts (which contain 3,4-DVTF among many other constituents), making it impossible to attribute observed outcomes specifically to 3,4-DVTF in isolation. The evidence for free testosterone elevation in human subjects from nettle root extracts remains unproven. The claim that it raises free testosterone in humans rests on extrapolation from in vitro binding data, not from clinical intervention trials.

5.2 Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH) and Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms (LUTS)

This is the area with the greatest accumulation of clinical evidence for the parent plant extract, though that evidence remains mixed and methodologically limited.

Randomized Clinical Trials: In the largest study by Safarinejad, 558 symptomatic subjects (ages 55–72) received either 120 mg aqueous extract of Urtica dioica root or placebo three times daily for 6 months. Improvements in peak flow rate and decreases in postvoid residual volume compared to placebo were also noted. No significant differences were observed between groups for PSA or testosterone levels, but those in the treatment group experienced a moderate decrease in prostate size; all improvements were maintained at the 18-month follow-up.

A further multi-center trial examined a combination preparation. Different double-blind clinical trials evaluated the efficacy of nettle root for BPH symptoms alone or in combination; Lopatkin et al. investigated the safety and efficacy of nettle root in 219 men with moderate-to-severe LUTS. Patients were randomized to receive a placebo or a fixed dose of 160 mg Sabal fruit extract combined with 120 mg nettle root extract over 24 weeks, followed by another 24-week control period during which all patients received medication. IPSS, urinary flow rates, and residual urine volumes improved significantly in the treatment group, thus providing evidence of a clinically relevant benefit over a period of 96 weeks.

One of the most commonly used herbal remedies is nettle, which causes anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, antiviral effects, modulating of immune system, and relieves the symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia due to the compounds it contains such as phytosterols, lignans and polysaccharides.

Regulatory Assessment: The American Urology Association's updated guideline for the management of lower urinary tract symptoms attributed to benign prostatic hyperplasia (2021) could not make any positive recommendations about supplements and nutraceuticals, including stinging nettle, due to variable results, methods, and quality of studies. The European Association of Urology's 2022 updated guideline on management of non-neurogenic male lower urinary tract symptoms, including benign prostatic obstruction, makes no specific recommendation but references the European Union herbal monograph for the traditional use of U. dioica or U. urens, radix and their hybrids or mixtures for LUTS related to BPH, after serious conditions have been excluded. This use is based on sufficient safety data and plausible efficacy from long-standing use and experience.

Mechanistic Note Specific to 3,4-DVTF and Prostate: Nettle root contains lignan compounds such as 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran which modulate binding of sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) to its receptors on prostate cell membranes. This provides a biologically plausible rationale for nettle root's effect in BPH. However, the specific contribution of 3,4-DVTF to the clinical outcomes observed in BPH trials versus other bioactive constituents (UDA lectin, beta-sitosterol, polysaccharides) cannot be disaggregated from the existing trial data, as no trial has tested isolated 3,4-DVTF in BPH patients.

5.3 Hypogonadism Associated with Diabetes Mellitus

Researchers sought to determine the effect and potential mechanism of 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran (DVTF), one of the main active components isolated from U. fissa, on hypogonadism in diabetic mice. The active compound DVTF was extracted and separated from the roots of U. fissa and identified using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. A mouse model of diabetes was established using high fat and sugar diet combined with streptozotocin. In the treatment groups, mice received different doses of DVTF for 4 weeks.

Mating behavior, including mount latency, mount number, and intromission number, was improved following DVTF treatment. Plasma total testosterone, free testosterone, and insulin resistance were positively associated with the recovery of testicular pathological structures in diabetic mice. DVTF treatment increased the expression of Nur77, StAR, and P450scc in the testes of diabetic mice. As one of the main active components of U. fissa, DVTF exerted potential therapeutic effects on testicular injury and hypogonadism caused by diabetes through activating the expression of Nur77 and testosterone synthesis-related proteins.

Evidence Strength: This finding is preliminary and restricted to an animal (mouse) model. No human clinical trials on 3,4-DVTF for diabetic hypogonadism have been published. Translation to human efficacy cannot be assumed at this stage.

5.4 Prostate Cancer: In Vitro and Radiolabeling Research

Prostate cancer is the most common type of cancer for men in many countries. One of the various prostate cancer therapy methods is hormone therapy, and explaining the association between androgen hormones and prostate cancer is a critical role for successful prostate cancer treatment. In one study, the behavior of 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran (DTH) was examined against prostate cancer cells, which have androgen sensitivity differences [LNCaP (+), PC3 (−)]. To evaluate the association of androgen sensitivity, DTH was radiolabeled with ¹³¹I, and cell uptake assay was performed by using ¹³¹I-radiolabeled DTH. Also, cytotoxicity (WST-1) assay of DTH was performed against LNCaP and PC3 cells to determine the toxic effects of DTH on different androgen mechanisms. The results of assays on cells showed that DTH lignan behaves differently — being more toxic to LNCaP cells than PC3 cells, depending on androgen sensitivity.

Evidence Strength: This represents exploratory cell-culture (in vitro) research. No animal tumor models or human trials have been conducted with isolated 3,4-DVTF for prostate cancer. The differential uptake by androgen-sensitive vs. androgen-insensitive cell lines provides mechanistic interest but no clinical inference.

5.5 Pharmacokinetics

A pharmacokinetic study in rats utilizing ultra-fast liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) has established a method for its quantitative analysis in plasma, demonstrating its detectable presence and providing a basis for further preclinical investigation. A rapid and sensitive ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UFLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the determination of 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran in the plasma of rats. The method was fully validated and successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study upon oral administration of 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran. Presumably, the results provide valuable pre-clinical information for further studies on pharmacology and biochemical mechanisms involved.

Human pharmacokinetic data for isolated 3,4-DVTF does not appear in the published literature. The extent to which orally administered 3,4-DVTF is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and excreted in humans, and at what plasma concentrations it achieves pharmacologically relevant SHBG binding, remains to be established in clinical studies.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas of Association

Endocrine / Hormonal System: Primary association via SHBG binding and potential modulation of free androgen and estrogen fractions. The Nur77/StAR steroidogenic pathway in Leydig cells represents a secondary (preclinical) endocrine target.
Male Urogenital System / Prostate: One of the most celebrated historical uses of nettle root and its active compounds has been for supporting prostate health and alleviating symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This association is supported by the most substantial body of clinical evidence, though that evidence pertains to whole root extracts, not the isolated lignan.
Reproductive and Sexual Function: The diabetic mouse model data links DVTF to improvements in mating behavior and testicular histology, and Uighur traditional medicine employed the source plant as an aphrodisiac.
Musculoskeletal / Inflammatory System: Stinging nettle has been used to treat rheumatism, eczema, arthritis, and gout for over a thousand years. These associations relate principally to the leaf and whole plant rather than to 3,4-DVTF specifically.
Cardiovascular System: Stinging nettle has traditionally been used for cardiovascular disorders, and particularly hypertension. It is concluded that U. dioica can produce hypotensive responses, through a vasorelaxing effect mediated by the release of endothelial nitric oxide and the opening of potassium channels, and through a negative inotropic action. This cardiovascular activity is attributed to the whole plant/root extract and has not been isolated to 3,4-DVTF.

7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages

Dosage data in the published scientific literature relates exclusively to preparations of whole or standardized nettle root extract rather than to isolated, purified 3,4-DVTF, as no clinical pharmacological dose-ranging studies of the isolated compound in humans have been published.

BPH Clinical Trials — Aqueous Root Extract: In the largest clinical study, 558 symptomatic subjects received 120 mg aqueous extract of Urtica dioica root three times daily for 6 months.
BPH Clinical Trial — Combination Extract: Patients were randomized to receive a fixed dose of 160 mg Sabal fruit extract combined with 120 mg nettle root extract over 24 weeks.
Preclinical Diabetic Hypogonadism Study: In the treatment groups, mice received different doses of DVTF for 4 weeks. Specific dose levels were not reported in publicly available abstract text.
Commercial Standardized Supplement (for reference): Some commercial capsules contain 425 mg of extract standardized to 95% 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran. This commercial dosage form has not been evaluated in published, peer-reviewed clinical trials.

The absence of human pharmacokinetic data for isolated 3,4-DVTF means that no evidence-based dose for the purified compound can be stated. The 120 mg three-times-daily dose cited in the BPH literature refers to whole nettle root extract, in which 3,4-DVTF is one of multiple bioactive constituents at unknown fractional concentration.

8. Safety Considerations and Interactions

8.1 Safety of Nettle Root Extract (Source Plant)

Among 219 men with benign prostatic hypertrophy who participated in a randomized controlled trial of a commercial herbal fixed-dose combination of sabal and stinging nettle vs placebo and were then treated with the product for another 96 weeks, improvement in symptoms was maintained, adverse event rates were similar to that in the placebo phase, and there were no treatment-related serious adverse events; no mention of ALT elevations or hepatotoxicity. This pharmacovigilance data suggests a favorable short-to-medium-term safety profile for nettle root extract in the context of BPH trials.

No published clinical safety or toxicology data specifically evaluates high-dose, purified 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran in human subjects. Long-term safety of the isolated compound at supplemental doses has not been formally characterized in the peer-reviewed literature.

8.2 Potential Drug Interactions

Antihypertensive Medications: Stinging nettle has traditionally been used for cardiovascular disorders, and particularly hypertension. It is concluded that U. dioica can produce hypotensive responses, through a vasorelaxing effect mediated by the release of endothelial nitric oxide and the opening of potassium channels, and through a negative inotropic action. Concurrent use of nettle root preparations with antihypertensive drugs may therefore produce additive blood-pressure-lowering effects, a pharmacodynamic interaction of potential clinical significance.

Anticoagulant Medications: One of the most critical interactions involves blood-thinning medications, such as warfarin, clopidogrel, and aspirin. Nettle, especially the above-ground parts, is a rich source of vitamin K, a nutrient essential for blood clotting. By supplying the body with extra vitamin K, nettle can counteract the effects of blood thinners designed to prevent clot formation. This can reduce the medication's effectiveness, increasing the risk of dangerous clots and subsequent complications. This interaction is primarily associated with the leaves (which are rich in vitamin K) rather than the root; however, the distinction between root and leaf preparations is not always maintained in commercial products.

Hormonal and Androgen-Modulating Medications: Given the compound's documented interaction with SHBG, which regulates the equilibrium between free and bound sex hormones, theoretical interactions exist with testosterone replacement therapy, anti-androgen medications, and oral contraceptives. These interactions are pharmacologically plausible on the basis of the SHBG-binding mechanism but have not been characterized in controlled human studies.

Hypoglycemic Agents: It has also been reported that the leaf extract of stinging nettle improves glucose homeostasis. Additive effects with antidiabetic medications cannot be excluded on the basis of current botanical pharmacology data.

8.3 Evidence Gaps and Research Limitations

Further research is needed to elucidate the direct effects of the isolated compound on estrogen metabolism (including aromatase activity) and the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis. The body of evidence for 3,4-DVTF as an isolated bioactive compound is limited to in vitro binding assays, one structural (crystallographic) study, one rat pharmacokinetic study, and one preclinical mouse efficacy study. No human clinical trials have been conducted with purified 3,4-DVTF as the test intervention. All clinical evidence derives from whole or partially standardized nettle root extracts. The compound's bioavailability, safe upper dose limits, and long-term safety profile in humans remain to be established.

References

Health Conditions

Health conditions that 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran may help support.

No conditions available.

Body Systems

Body systems that 3,4-divanillyltetrahydrofuran may help support.

No body systems available.