5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin

5-Alpha-Hydroxy Laxogenin: A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity: Chemical and Botanical Classification

1.1 Chemical Names and Identifiers

5α-Hydroxylaxogenin is a chemical compound which is a semi-synthetic derivative of laxogenin. Its formal chemical name is (3beta,5alpha,25R)-3,5-dihydroxyspirostan-6-one, assigned CAS number 56786-63-1, and it is also known under the synonyms Biobras-16, Brassinosteroid BB-16, and Brassinosteroid DI-31. Its molecular formula is C₂₇H₄₂O₅ and its formula weight is 446.6 g/mol.

5α-hydroxy Laxogenin is a brassinosteroid analog and a derivative of diosgenin. It is a synthetic spirostane-type steroid, which is contained in dietary supplements and advertised as an anabolic agent.

The compound belongs structurally to the spirostane class of steroidal sapogenins. Its parent compound, laxogenin, bears the systematic name 3beta-hydroxy-25D,5alpha-spirostan-6-one. The key structural difference between laxogenin and 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin is the presence of an additional hydroxyl group at position C-5 in the latter.

1.2 Relationship to Laxogenin and Natural Sources

Laxogenin is one of many plant-based steroids that help to promote growth in plants. It comes from the stems of Asian plants such as Smilax sieboldii, Allium schoenoprasum, Allium chinense, and Solanum unguiculatum, but only in very small amounts. Laxogenin was first identified in 1965 by a Japanese laboratory as a substance in the plant Smilax sieboldii, which is native to Japan, Korea, and China. The underground stems of the Asian plant Smilax sieboldii contain approximately 0.06% laxogenin and are its main natural source.

A critical distinction must be drawn between the parent molecule and 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin itself: several dietary supplements claim to contain 5α-hydroxy laxogenin, which is a derivative of a naturally occurring spirostane-type steroid, laxogenin. Although laxogenin has been isolated from the rhizomes of Smilax sieboldii, 5α-hydroxy laxogenin has not been isolated or reported from any natural source. 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin is sometimes marketed as a "scientific name" or "derivative" of laxogenin, but no reports have demonstrated its natural occurrence. Instead, it is described as synthetic and derived from diosgenin, a plant-based raw material used in the pharmaceutical industry to prepare synthetic steroidal drugs.

Laxogenin in supplements is produced from the more common plant steroid, diosgenin. In fact, diosgenin is used as a raw material for over 50% of synthetic steroids including progesterone, cortisone, and testosterone. Although often advertised as "natural," most supplements do not contain laxogenin but its synthetic derivative: 5a-hydroxy laxogenin.

1.3 Common Supplement Forms and Preparations

As dietary supplements, laxogenin and its so-called derivative, 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin, are promoted as "natural anabolics" (alternatives to anabolic steroids) for those who want to gain muscle mass while keeping body fat low. They appear on dietary supplement labels and websites with claims of increased lean muscle growth, strength, and vitality. The compound is commercially available as a solid powder and is incorporated into oral capsule and tablet formulations.

2. Historical Context and Traditional Use

2.1 Traditional Use of the Source Plant

It is important to emphasize that there is no traditional use of 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin itself, as it does not exist in nature and was not known to any traditional healing system. Any historical ethnobotanical context pertains exclusively to the parent plant, Smilax sieboldii, and related species of the genus Smilax, not to this synthetic compound.

Smilax sieboldii, a climbing tree belonging to Smilacaceae, has been used in traditional oriental medicine for treating arthritis, tumors, leprosy, psoriasis, and lumbago. It is a climbing plant with prickly stems that grows in Korea, Japan, China, and Taiwan. Young leaves are harvested from the wild for local use as food. In addition, the subterranean parts have been employed in traditional folk remedies for arthritis, tumors, leprosy, psoriasis, and lumbago.

The Smilax species, widely distributed in the tropical regions of the world and the warm areas of East Asia and North America, are extensively used as folk medicine. Steroidal saponins are considered to be responsible for pharmacological properties of Smilax species, with many pharmacological in vitro and in vivo studies revealing significant biological activities, including cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitory, anti-fungal, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory activities.

The medical use of Smilax plants for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatism has a long history in folk China. Historically, plants containing laxogenin-like compounds have played a significant role in traditional herbal medicine, especially in Asian folk remedies. For centuries, herbalists used extracts from Smilax species to promote vitality, support joint health, and enhance physical resilience. These preparations were commonly administered as tonics or decoctions and valued for their adaptogenic properties, assisting the body in coping with physical stress and fatigue.

2.2 Discovery of Laxogenin and the Emergence of 5-Alpha-Hydroxy Laxogenin in Supplements

Laxogenin was first identified in the 1960s as a member of a group of plant-based steroids known as brassinosteroids. Its identification as a steroidal sapogenin from Smilax sieboldii was formally reported in 1963 by Akahori and Yasuda, and subsequently confirmed by further phytochemical investigations.

The entry of 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin into the dietary supplement industry is a modern commercial phenomenon with no roots in traditional medicine. The interest in laxogenin compounds began with anecdotal reports and preliminary research highlighting their potential benefits in promoting muscle growth and improving athletic performance. This has led to its popularity among bodybuilders and athletes seeking natural alternatives to synthetic anabolic agents.

3. Chemical Constituents and Active Compounds

3.1 Structural Class: Brassinosteroids and Spirostanes

Laxogenin (3beta-hydroxy-25D,5alpha-spirostan-6-one) is a compound sold in various forms as a muscle-toning supplement. It belongs to a class of plant hormones called brassinosteroids, which have a similar structure to animal steroid hormones. In plants, they work to boost growth.

Steroidal saponins from the genus Smilax can be divided into five groups on the basis of the sapogenin structures: spirostane (A), isospirostane (B), furostane (C), pregnane (D), and cholestane (E). Laxogenin and its derivative 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin belong to the spirostane subclass, characterized by a steroidal ring system with a specific spiroketal arrangement at the D/E ring junction.

Laxogenin, previously reported as a constituent of S. sieboldii root, was utilized as a seed molecule to probe the corresponding glycosides and related sapogenins present in S. sieboldii. The molecular networking analysis revealed at least 92 spectral nodes with mass spectral features of the seed molecule laxogenin.

3.2 Biosynthetic Precursor: Diosgenin

The synthesis of 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin begins from diosgenin, a phytosterol itself derived from the fenugreek or wild yam plant. It is not found in the Chinese medicinal plant Smilax sieboldii; instead, identification of several synthetic impurities by Dr. Chittiboyina's group suggested that it is synthesized from diosgenin. The pharmaceutical conversion of diosgenin into structurally related steroidal compounds is a well-established industrial process, and 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin is produced through a multi-step chemical modification of this precursor.

3.3 Known Saponins in Smilax sieboldii

More than 40 unique 3-oxy-, 3,6-dioxy-, and 3,6,27-trioxy-steroidal saponins were identified in aerial parts and rhizomes of botanically verified Smilax sieboldii. Tandem mass diagnostic fragmentation patterns of aglycones, diosgenin, sarsasapogenin/tigogenin, or laxogenin were critical to establishing unique nodes belonging to six groups of nineteen unknown steroidal saponins identified in S. sieboldii. These findings underscore the chemical complexity of the source plant, even though 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin itself is absent from its phytochemical profile.

4. Mechanisms of Action

4.1 Androgen Receptor Activity: In Vitro Evidence

5α-Hydroxylaxogenin acts as a partial agonist at androgen receptors and has been sold as a bodybuilding supplement and pre-workout product. The precise characterization of this activity was described in a 2022 peer-reviewed study:

At the time of publication, evidence was missing on anabolic or androgenic activity of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin. The researchers investigated its androgenic potential in two in vitro bioassays. While no activity was observed in the yeast androgen screen, 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin was able to trans-activate the androgen receptor in human prostate cells in a dose-dependent manner. Interestingly, a biphasic response was observed with antagonistic properties at lower concentrations and agonistic effects at higher concentrations tested.

Specifically, in the in vitro bioassay using a human prostate cell line, an AR-dependent reporter gene expression was observed after treating the cells with 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin.

The observed androgenic potential of higher 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin concentrations raises possible safety concerns regarding reproductive organs (e.g., prostate).

4.2 Brassinosteroid-Analog Activity in Plant Systems

5α-hydroxy laxogenin is a brassinosteroid analog and a derivative of diosgenin. Topical administration of 5α-hydroxy laxogenin (4, 8, and 12 ppm), in combination with a commercial fertilizer, increases the yield and fresh weight of endives (C. endivia). It also inhibits sodium chloride-induced decreases in the fresh weight of lettuce shoots and roots when applied topically at concentrations of 0.1 and 1 μM, as well as inhibits increases in ethylene emission at a concentration of 1 μM. These are effects observed in plant systems and have not been demonstrated in mammals.

4.3 Proposed Mechanisms in Human Physiology (Unverified Claims)

The dietary supplement industry has promoted 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin on the basis of an alleged ability to increase protein synthesis and reduce cortisol levels, putatively by interacting with anabolic signaling pathways without directly stimulating hormone production. However, although laxogenin has been isolated from the rhizomes of Smilax sieboldii, 5α-hydroxy laxogenin has not been isolated or reported from any natural source, and these derivatives of laxogenins have untested anabolic properties. No peer-reviewed human or animal studies have confirmed protein synthesis-enhancing or cortisol-modulating effects for 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Muscle Growth and Athletic Performance

Evidence strength: None in humans; contradicted by animal study.

No studies have been done on the effects of laxogenin or 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin in human clinical trials. Despite marketing claims, there is a significant lack of scientific evidence to support its efficacy or safety in humans. No clinical studies in humans or animals have been published to confirm its purported benefits or assess its safety profile for muscle building or athletic performance.

A 2025 preclinical study specifically investigated whether 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin produces androgenic or anabolic effects in vivo. To investigate its androgenic potential in vivo, researchers treated orchiectomized rats with three different dosages of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin for 2 weeks. Effects were neither observed on the wet weights of the androgen target tissues prostate, seminal vesicle, or penis, nor on the wet weights of the anabolic target tissue musculus levator ani or on skeletal hindlimb muscles. Moreover, significantly higher atrophy was seen for some of the target tissues in the animals treated with the highest 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin dosage (36 mg/kg bw).

The lack of activity in the animal model might be explained by rapid degradation of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin. These data dissent anabolic effects attributed to 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin by dietary supplement producers.

5.2 Androgen Receptor Modulation

Evidence strength: Preliminary in vitro only; not confirmed in vivo.

The only peer-reviewed evidence for any biological mechanism of action comes from in vitro work. Researchers investigated its androgenic potential in two in vitro bioassays. While no activity was observed in the yeast androgen screen, 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin was able to trans-activate the androgen receptor in human prostate cells in a dose-dependent manner, with a biphasic response demonstrating antagonistic properties at lower concentrations and agonistic effects at higher concentrations tested.

This finding was not replicated in the subsequent animal model. Though an in vitro bioassay showed androgen receptor activation, this androgenic effect could not be confirmed in the preclinical orchiectomized rat model, which might be due to a fast biotransformation into inactive metabolites.

It has been shown that the correlation between in vitro assays and especially the Hershberger assay is rather weak due to the higher physiological androgen levels necessary for AR activation. Beside the possibility that the administered dosages were too low to activate the AR, the fast biotransformation of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin into potentially inactive metabolites may also explain the lack of effects in androgen-responsive tissues.

5.3 Anti-Adipogenic and Metabolic Effects

Evidence strength: Preclinical only (cell culture).

Smilax sieboldii has been used in traditional oriental medicine for treating arthritis, tumors, leprosy, psoriasis, and lumbago. To evaluate its anti-obesity effects, researchers screened methylene chloride, ethyl acetate, aqueous-saturated n-butanol, and ethanol extracts of the whole plant at various concentrations to inhibit adipogenesis in adipocytes. The 3T3-L1 cell line with Oil Red O staining with the help of fluorometry was used as an indicator of anti-obesity activity. Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the ethanol extract and subsequent phytochemical investigation of the active fractions resulted in the isolation of 19 secondary metabolites. This research pertains to whole-plant extracts and isolated saponins from S. sieboldii, not to 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin specifically.

The extracts and secondary metabolites from S. sieboldii were reported to possess anti-adipogenic activity on 3T3-L1 adipocytes and anti-inflammatory activity on LPS-activated NO production in macrophages. Again, these findings relate to crude plant extracts and cannot be attributed to 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin, which is not a natural constituent of the plant.

5.4 Anti-Inflammatory Effects

Evidence strength: Preclinical only; not directly applicable to 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin.

Studies on laxogenin glycosides from Smilax species have documented cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity. Compounds from Smilax showed cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitory activities with IC50 values of 102, 55, 93, and 47 μM, respectively, which were almost equal to that of positive control papaverine (IC50 = 30 μM). Laxogenin glycosides 34, 35, and isospirostanol glycoside 38 displayed cAMP phosphodiesterase inhibitory activity. These are in vitro findings in cell-based assays involving the natural laxogenin molecule, not the semi-synthetic 5-alpha-hydroxy derivative.

5.5 Summary of Evidence Quality

The existing scientific literature is sparse, consisting primarily of in vitro or computational studies, with no systematic reviews or meta-analyses available to provide comprehensive insights into its effects or risks. Only animal and cell studies have tested laxogenin so far, and none of them used the compound found in most supplements: 5a-hydroxy laxogenin.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas Associated with the Compound

Based on the available scientific literature, the following body systems are implicated — though the evidence is uniformly preclinical or in vitro:

• Musculoskeletal system: As dietary supplements, laxogenin and 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin are promoted as "natural anabolics" for those who want to gain muscle mass while keeping body fat low. No human data confirm this effect.
• Endocrine/reproductive system: 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin was able to trans-activate the androgen receptor in human prostate cells in a dose-dependent manner, with biphasic behavior including antagonistic properties at lower concentrations and agonistic effects at higher concentrations.
• Hepatic system (metabolism): The metabolism of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin was investigated using three different approaches: in silico prediction using the GLORYx tool, in vitro biotransformation using the human hepatocellular cell line HepG2, and the preclinical orchiectomized rat model, from which serum and hair samples were collected and investigated.
• Adipose tissue: Preclinical studies on whole-plant Smilax sieboldii extracts have suggested anti-adipogenic potential in cell culture models, but this cannot be attributed to 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin specifically.

7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages

No human clinical trials have established any therapeutic dosage for 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin. The following dosages appear only in the context of preclinical research and commercial supplement labeling:

• In vitro (cell culture): In the in vitro bioassay using a human prostate cell line, AR-dependent reporter gene expression was observed after treating the cells with 25 mg/mL and 50 mg/mL 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin.
• Animal study (in vivo): To investigate its androgenic potential in vivo, researchers treated orchiectomized rats with three different dosages of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin for 2 weeks, with the highest dosage being 36 mg/kg bw.
• Commercial supplements: Supplement products have typically listed dosages on their labels in the range of 25–100 mg per serving, though the actual content of such products has not been reliably verified by independent testing (see Section 8 below).

Because no human pharmacokinetic, efficacy, or safety data exist, no evidence-based dosage recommendation can be made for this compound.

8. Safety, Quality, and Regulatory Considerations

8.1 Regulatory Status

Laxogenin and 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin have not been approved by FDA for any use, and 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin is on the DoD Prohibited Dietary Supplement Ingredients list.

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has confirmed through several recent warning letters that the ingredient 5-Alpha-Hydroxy-Laxogenin is not a lawful dietary ingredient. Specifically, 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin is not generally recognized as safe under its conditions of use in dietary supplement products. Because 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin does not qualify as a dietary ingredient and is not GRAS or otherwise exempt, products listing it as a dietary ingredient are considered misbranded.

FDA recently determined 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin does not meet the definition of a dietary ingredient and should not be used in any dietary supplement.

8.2 WADA and Anti-Doping Status

Despite its labelling as an unlawful ingredient of dietary supplements, which might further contain other non-labelled performance enhancing drugs according to the FDA and a related warning by the US Anti-Doping Agency (USADA), 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin is not prohibited by WADA.

Currently 5-Alpha-Hydroxy-Laxogenin is not prohibited because it doesn't meet at least two of the three World Anti-Doping Code criteria for inclusion. There is unclear evidence showing that it has performance-enhancing effects in humans. However, if new data or information becomes available that shows 5-Alpha-Hydroxy-Laxogenin enhances performance, the World Anti-Doping Agency may change the status of this ingredient immediately.

8.3 Safety Profile

The safety of products containing either ingredient is unknown. The safety profile of 5α-Hydroxy-Laxogenin in humans is largely unknown due to the complete absence of human safety trials. This lack of data means that potential adverse effects, their severity, and their frequency cannot be determined.

The safety of 5-Alpha-Hydroxy-Laxogenin is unclear because the ingredient hasn't been tested in humans.

The animal data, rather than providing reassurance, raised an additional concern. Effects were not observed on the wet weights of androgen target tissues (prostate, seminal vesicle, or penis) nor on the anabolic target tissue musculus levator ani. However, significantly higher atrophy was seen for some of the target tissues in the animals treated with the highest 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin dosage (36 mg/kg bw).

The observed androgenic potential of higher 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin concentrations raises possible safety concerns regarding reproductive organs (e.g., prostate). Further investigations should focus on potential anabolic activities of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin.

8.4 Product Quality and Adulteration

Multiple independent analytical studies have identified serious quality control problems in commercial products claiming to contain 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin.

To show the utility of a developed analytical method, twelve dietary supplements labeled to contain 5α-hydroxy laxogenin or laxogenin as 5α-hydroxy laxogenin were analyzed. Five of 12 supplements did not contain any 5α-hydroxy laxogenin. In the remaining seven samples, spirostane-type synthetic artifacts were identified along with labeled, 5α-hydroxy laxogenin. The findings signify a lack of quality controls in analyzed dietary supplements.

A 2020 study published in JAMA Network Open examined supplements from the NIH Dietary Supplement Label Database that were marketed as containing 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin. Four products claimed to contain the synthetic plant steroid analog 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin. Analysis by GC-MS and LC-MS/MS detected a variety of adulterants in these products: diosgenin was found in 50% of samples, 5-alpha-hydroxy-laxogenin in 25%, and other substances including phenibut, androst-3,5-diene-7,17-dione (a designer steroid), β-ecdysterone, and 7-keto dehydroepiandrosterone were each found in 25% of products.

5-Alpha-Hydroxy-Laxogenin has been on USADA's radar for some time because it's frequently listed on labels of products that also happen to be contaminated or spiked with performance-enhancing drugs (PEDs).

In addition to the risk of anti-doping rule violation, adulterated dietary supplements can also be a health risk for elite and recreational athletes. 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin is one of those illegal substances but is not prohibited yet.

8.5 Pharmacokinetics and Biotransformation

A 2026 metabolite identification study investigated the biotransformation of 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin. The metabolism of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin was investigated using three different approaches: in silico prediction using the GLORYx tool of NERRD, in vitro biotransformation using the human hepatocellular cell line HepG2, and the preclinical orchiectomized rat model, from which serum and hair samples were collected and investigated. Binding and activation of the androgen receptor have been shown using a reporter gene assay in human PC3 cells and by in silico modelling of the binding. However, this androgenic effect could not be confirmed in the preclinical orchiectomized rat model investigating 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin's effects on different androgen-responsive target tissues like prostate, seminal vesicle, or the Musculus levator ani.

Data on pharmacokinetics as well as on biotransformation should be gathered to contribute to an estimation of the efficacy and safety of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin.

9. Summary of Evidence and Research Gaps

The scientific record on 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin is characterized by a significant mismatch between commercial claims and research evidence. The compound is not a naturally occurring phytochemical but rather a semi-synthetic molecule derived from diosgenin. The following points summarize the state of knowledge as of mid-2026:

• Natural occurrence: Whereas the natural occurrence has been shown for laxogenin in several Smilax species as well as in two Allium species, there is no proof of a natural existence of 5α-hydroxy-laxogenin.
• Human evidence: Zero published human clinical trials exist evaluating efficacy, pharmacokinetics, or safety of 5-alpha-hydroxy laxogenin.
• Animal evidence: The androgenic activity was not confirmed in the preclinical castrated rat model. 5α-Hydroxy-laxogenin induced neither androgenic nor anabolic effects after 2 weeks of a subcutaneous administration regime.
• In vitro evidence: A biphasic androgen receptor interaction has been demonstrated in cell culture, but this has not translated to demonstrable effects in vivo.
• Product quality: A substantial proportion of commercial products either do not contain the labeled ingredient or contain undeclared adulterants, including substances that may themselves pose regulatory or health risks.
• Regulatory standing: The FDA has determined the ingredient is not a lawful dietary ingredient; the U.S. Department of Defense prohibits it; it is not prohibited by WADA as of the date of this article.

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