Anemone

Other Names

American PulsatillaAnemanthus nemorosusAnemonanthea nemorosaAnemonastrumAnemone albaAnemone coronariaAnemone intermediaAnemone nemorosaAnemone patensAnemone pratensisAnemone pulsatillaAnemone quinquefoliaAnemonidiumAnemonoidesAnemonoides nemorosaAnemonoides quinquefoliaCanada AnemoneCrowfootCutleaf AnemoneEaster FlowerEuropean Wood AnemoneHelmet FlowerHepaticaJapanese AnemoneJurtseviaLilies of the FieldMeadow AnemoneMountain PasqueflowerPasque FlowerPasqueflowerPasse FlowerPoppy AnemonePulsatillaPulsatilla nigricansPulsatilla pratensisPulsatilla vulgarisPulsatilla vulgaris MillerRanunculaceae (family)Smell FoxSouthern AnemoneTall ThimbleweedTenpetal AnemoneThimbleweedWind CrowfootWind FlowerWindflowerWood AnemoneWood Crowfoot

Synopsis

Anemone (Anemone spp.): A Comprehensive Encyclopedic Reference

1. Identity: Botanical Classification, Natural Sources, and Common Forms

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Anemone is a genus of more than 150 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae, native to the temperate zones of both the Northern and Southern hemispheres. It is closely related to Pulsatilla, Clematis, and Hepatica morphologically and phytochemically. The genus belongs to the order Ranunculales. Modern molecular phylogenetics has proposed that segregate genera including Pulsatilla, Hepatica, and Knowltonia should be subsumed within Anemone, although traditional pharmacopoeias and the broader research literature continue to treat Pulsatilla as a distinct genus for practical purposes.

More than 50 Anemone species are used in various traditional medical systems. Fifty-three species, 9 subspecies and 36 varieties are found in China, distributed in most provinces except Guangdong and Hainan. Many alpine Anemone species are used in Tibetan medicine.

Frequently cited medicinal species include:

Anemone raddeana Regel — Distributed across northeastern China, Russia, Korea, and Japan; its rhizome is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) known as Zhujie Xianghfu. Its distribution is not limited to China but extends throughout Russia, Korea, and Japan. The rhizome is used in Chinese conventional therapies to cure rheumatism, arthritis, neuralgia, and paralysis.
Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. — Distributed across alpine regions of Southwest China, the Himalayas, and India. These plants were traditionally used for treating inflammation, pulmonary diseases, and malignant cancer.
Anemone flaccida Fr. Schmidt (Di Wu in Chinese) — Widely used as a Chinese folk medicine.
Anemone nemorosa L. (Wood Anemone, Wind Flower) — A graceful little plant, about four inches high, which blossoms in early spring and is found in open woods. The root is a slender, horizontal root-stalk. It is of wide distribution and is known as Wind Flower, Wood Anemone, and Wind Crowfoot.
Anemone coronaria L. — Mediterranean species whose bulbs contain anthocyanins (in flowers), triterpene glycosides (in bulbs), and alkaloids, used in regional traditional medicine.
Anemone hupehensis var. japonica — A source of the triterpenoid glycoside huzhangoside A.
Pulsatilla chinensis (Bunge) Regel (Bai Tou Weng) — Closely allied; the dried root is a classical TCM herb for dysenteric conditions.

Common Names

Aside from their scientific names, anemones have several common names, such as windflower and thimbleweed. Other frequently encountered vernacular names include pasque flower, meadow anemone, and wood anemone. In Chinese medicine, individual species carry specific names: Zhujie Xianghfu (A. raddeana); Di Wu (A. flaccida); Poniuqi (A. rivularis var. flore-minore).

Plant Parts Used and Common Preparations

Different plant parts are utilized depending on the species and tradition. Rhizomes (underground rootstocks) are the most commonly employed part in TCM and Northeast Asian folk medicine. Roots, seeds, and whole aerial portions are used in various other traditions. The properties of anemone disappear when the plant is dried, and hence only the recent (fresh) plant, or preparations of the recent plant, were historically considered of value in Western herbal medicine. Consequently, tinctures of the fresh plant were the primary preparation in Western eclectic medicine. The tincture of the fresh root is the only reliable representation in this context. In TCM, the rhizome is prepared as a dried decoction (water-based boiling extract), a form that converts the irritant protoanemonin into the less toxic anemonin through prolonged heating. Extracts, standardized fractions (particularly triterpenoid saponin fractions), and isolated compounds have been employed in modern research settings.

2. Traditional and Historical Use

Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM)

In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and folk medicine, Anemone is used for heat-clearing and detoxification, wind-dispersing and damp-eliminating, warming and orifice-opening, as a pesticide, and for the treatment of dysentery, malaria, tinea, ulcers and sores, arthritis, traumatic injury, pharyngolaryngitis, parasitic disease, and hepatitis. Anemone raddeana, distributed in the Far East, is commonly used in Northeast China for rheumatism, arthritis, and skin infection.

The chemical compositions of Anemone raddeana Rhizome, a kind of traditional Chinese medicine, have been reviewed extensively. The rhizome is used to treat neuralgia and rheumatism, and is rich in triterpenoid saponins, most of which are pentacyclic with oleanane as the nucleus. It has also been used for the induction of the humoral immune response and treatment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis.

The whole plants of A. rivularis var. flore-minore, named "Poniuqi," have been used as a folk medicine in Shaanxi Province for the treatment of hepatitis, stranguria, edema, and emissions.

Tibetan Medicine

Many alpine Anemone species are used in Tibetan medicine. For instance, Suga is the ripe seed of Anemone rivularis and related species, employed in Tibetan pharmacopoeial formulations for inflammatory and pulmonary conditions.

Native American Traditions

The most common use by Native American peoples for anemone plants was as a counter-irritant in the form of an external poultice for abrasions, boils, cuts, and skin sores. Other traditional uses for extracts from these plants included rheumatism, stomach troubles, and promoting childbirth.

Western Herbal and Eclectic Medicine

In 19th-century Western botanic and eclectic medicine, Anemone nemorosa and related species were used as remedies for headaches, cramps, menstrual irregularities, and nervous complaints. Anemone nemorosa abounds in an acrid juice, which is particularly intense in the root. These properties disappear when the plant is dried, and hence only the recent plant, or preparations of the recent plant, were of value in medicine. In consequence of this fact, the dried plant was not a commercial drug. The homoeopathic tradition (under the name Pulsatilla or Anemone) employed preparations of A. pratensis and allied species for a range of conditions including coughs, eye complaints, and hormonal disturbances, although homeopathic evidence is outside the scope of conventional pharmacological review.

Traditional Use in Northeast Asia (Korea, Japan)

Reported bioactivity and pharmacological properties of Anemone raddeana have been described as anticancerous, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anticonvulsive, antihistaminic, and sedative. These correspond closely to documented uses in Korean and Japanese folk medicine, where the rhizome was similarly applied for arthritic, rheumatic, and febrile conditions.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

Triterpenoid Saponins

Identified Anemone compounds include triterpenoids, saponins, steroids, lactones, fats and oils, saccharides, and alkaloids. Oleanolic acid triterpene saponin is abundant in Anemone species. These saponins are structurally characterized by pentacyclic oleanane backbones with various glycosidic side chains, and represent the most extensively studied bioactive class within the genus.

Raddeanin A (RA) is among the most prominent isolated compounds. RA (C₄₇H₇₆O₁₀) is an oleanane class triterpenoid saponin, isolated from the roots of Anemone raddeana, possessing a 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranoside as the sugar moiety. So far, 37 triterpenoid saponins have been determined from the A. raddeana rhizome.

Huzhangoside A (Hu.A) is another notable triterpenoid glycoside. Huzhangoside A is a triterpenoid glycoside isolated from Anemone rivularis Buch.-Ham. or A. hupehensis var. japonica (Thunb.) Bowles and Stearn (belonging to the Ranunculaceae family).

Saponins are abundant in Ranunculaceae, especially in Clematis, Pulsatilla, Anemone, and Cimicifugeae, which usually exert anticancer activity via cell cycle arrest and apoptosis induction.

Lactones: Ranunculin, Protoanemonin, and Anemonin

Anemone contains ranunculin, anemonin, and protoanemonin, which are characteristic constituents of Pulsatilla and illustrate the close relationship between these two genera.

Ranunculin, a glucoside, serves as a chemotaxonomic marker in Ranunculaceae plants. When these plants are damaged, an enzyme β-glucosidase triggers the conversion of ranunculin into protoanemonin through hydrolysis. Subsequently, protoanemonin undergoes cyclodimerization to form anemonin.

Protoanemonin's ability to inhibit both gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria is linked to the presence of a 5-membered lactone ring with a highly reactive double bond system. Protoanemonin has vesicant properties, which cause rashes or blistering upon contact with skin or mucosa. Ingesting large amounts of the toxin can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, spasms, acute hepatitis, jaundice, or paralysis in animals and humans.

The inherent instability of ranunculin and the rapid dimerization of protoanemonin render them unsuitable for use in biological assays. Conversely, anemonin stands out as the optimal molecule for bioassays and demonstrates diverse biological properties, including anti-inflammatory, anti-infective, and anti-oxidant effects. Among these, anemonin exhibits the greatest promise in addressing arthritis, cerebral ischemia, and ulcerative colitis. Its potential medical uses are enhanced by its capacity to inhibit nitric oxide synthesis and successfully counteract lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation.

Additional Compounds

Anemone also contains coumarins and flavonoids. A. coronaria contains anthocyanins (in flowers), triterpene glycosides (in bulbs), and alkaloids (in plant parts), and due to this rich bioactive content has been used in different regions for different purposes in traditional medicine. Essential oils have also been characterized in several species; the antioxidant essential oil obtained from the roots of A. rivularis had antibacterial activity, with inhibition zones at 100 µg/disc and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for four bacterial strains in the range of 11.0–20.0 mm and 125–250 µg/mL, respectively.

4. Mechanisms of Action

Anticancer Mechanisms

As an anticancer agent, Raddeanin A (RA) induces apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and inhibits invasion, migration, and angiogenesis in malignant cell lines as well as in preclinical models. The apoptotic potential of RA can be mediated through the modulation of Bcl-2, Bax, caspase-3, caspase-8, caspase-9, cytochrome c, and poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage. The PI3K/Akt signaling pathway serves as the major molecular target affected by RA.

Pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase (PDHK) plays a key role in aerobic glycolysis by phosphorylating the E1α subunit of pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH). PDHK has been recognized as a molecular target for cancer treatment. Huzhangoside A (Hu.A), a triterpenoid glycoside compound isolated from several plants of the Anemone genus, acts as a novel PDHK inhibitor.

Raddeanin A significantly increases high-mobility group box 1 release in tumor cells and promotes dendritic cell (DC) maturation and CD8+ T cell activation for tumor control. Mechanistically, RA directly binds to transactive responsive DNA-binding protein 43 (TDP-43) and induces TDP-43 localization changes, thereby activating immunogenic cell death pathways. RA has been uncovered as a potent immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer through an ICD reporter assay combined with a T cell activation assay.

The COX-2/PGE2 pathway is considered to play a crucial role in the development of cancer. Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), an inducible form of the enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the synthesis of prostanoids from arachidonic acid, is involved in inflammatory diseases and carcinogenesis. Triterpenoid saponins from several Anemone species have been shown to suppress COX-2 activity in preclinical models.

Anti-inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Mechanisms

A neutral polysaccharide fraction (ARP) from the rhizome of A. raddeana promotes splenocyte proliferation, NK cell and CTL activity, as well as serum IL-2 and TNF-α production in HCC-bearing mice. ARP had no toxicity to body weight, liver, and kidney. Moreover, it could reverse the hematological parameters induced by 5-fluorouracil to near normal.

Anemonin and ranunculin, the potent anti-inflammatory and anticancer compounds, are abundant in tribes Ranunculeae and Anemoneae. Anemonin's anti-inflammatory activity is mediated principally through inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and suppression of NF-κB-driven cytokine production, based on in vitro and animal research.

Antimicrobial Mechanisms

Anemonin has been found to be inhibitory against Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Bacillus diphtheriae, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and E. coli. The antimicrobial activity of protoanemonin derives from its reactive α-methylene lactone group, which can alkylate microbial thiol groups, disrupting essential bacterial enzyme function.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Anticancer Activity

Evidence grade: Preclinical (in vitro and animal models); no controlled human clinical trials identified.

Various studies have shown that RA possesses cytotoxic potential through inhibition of proliferation, invasion, and induction of apoptosis in multiple human carcinogenic cells including breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancer, and non-small cell lung carcinoma cells. In the past few years, various bioactive saponins compounds have been extracted from A. raddeana, including Raddeanin A, which has gained importance due to its anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antitumor activities.

Huzhangoside A was found to decrease the cell viability of human breast cancer MDA-MB-231, hepatocellular carcinoma Hep3B, colon cancer HT-29, DLD-1, and murine Lewis lung carcinoma LLC cell lines. The activity of PDHK1 was decreased by Hu.A in both in vitro assays and in vivo assays in DLD-1 cells. Hu.A significantly increased oxygen consumption and decreased secretory lactate levels in DLD-1 cells.

RA has also exhibited promising anticancer potential against drug-resistant cancer cells and can enhance the anticancer effects of several chemotherapeutic agents. Overall, RA may function as a promising compound in combating cancer, although further in-depth study is required under clinical settings to validate its efficacy in cancer patients.

Previous study on HeLa cells suggested that triterpenoid saponins from Anemone flaccida Fr. Schmidt may have potential antitumor effect due to their apoptotic activities.

Two new oleanane-type triterpenoid saponins isolated from the rhizome of Anemone amurensis were tested for cytotoxicities against two human cancer cell lines (A549 and Hep-G2). One compound showed potent cytotoxicity with IC₅₀ values of 38.53 and 66.17 μM, respectively.

The entirety of existing anticancer evidence for Anemone isolates remains in the preclinical domain. No human clinical trials have been identified evaluating isolated Anemone compounds for cancer treatment or prevention.

5.2 Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

Evidence grade: Preclinical (in vitro and rodent models); limited to no human trial evidence.

A. flaccida (Di Wu in Chinese) crude triterpenoid saponins (AFSs) inhibited redness and swelling of the right hind paw in the type II collagen-induced arthritis (CIA) model in rats. This is a widely used animal model for rheumatoid arthritis research. The mechanism implicated COX-2 suppression and modulation of downstream inflammatory prostaglandins.

The rhizome of Anemone raddeana Regel is mainly distributed in northeast China and is commonly used for treatment of pain, inflammatory, and rheumatic illnesses. Research investigated the extraction process, chemical compositions, and anti-inflammatory activity in vitro of total saponins extract from Anemone raddeana Regel. Anti-inflammatory activities were evaluated by determination of nitric oxide content and cytophagocytic activity in LPS-induced RAW 264.7 cells.

Human clinical data specifically for Anemone extracts in inflammatory or rheumatic conditions are not currently established in the peer-reviewed literature. Traditional claims of analgesic and anti-rheumatic activity are well-documented but have not been validated in controlled human trials.

5.3 Immunomodulatory Effects

Evidence grade: Animal models and in vitro; no human clinical data.

ARS, the saponins extracted from the rhizome of A. raddeana, showed a slight hemolytic effect and enhanced significantly the specific antibody and cellular response against ovalbumin in mice. A neutral polysaccharide fraction (ARP) from the rhizome of A. raddeana promotes splenocyte proliferation, NK cell and CTL activity, as well as serum IL-2 and TNF-α production in HCC-bearing mice. ARP had no toxicity to body weight, liver, and kidney, and could reverse the hematological parameters induced by 5-fluorouracil to near normal.

These findings are confined to murine models and have not been replicated in human studies. The immunoadjuvant properties of Anemone saponins are considered a promising area for further research.

5.4 Antimicrobial Activity

Evidence grade: In vitro only; no human clinical data.

Some Anemone compounds and extracts display immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antimicrobial activities. Anemonin has demonstrated in vitro inhibition of Gram-positive organisms including Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp., as well as Mycobacterium tuberculosis and E. coli. The antibacterial potency of protoanemonin against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria has been attributed to its 5-membered lactone ring with a highly reactive double bond. No human clinical trials evaluating Anemone-derived preparations for infectious diseases have been identified.

5.5 Antioxidant Activity

Evidence grade: In vitro and preliminary animal data; no human clinical data.

Multiple in vitro studies have documented free-radical scavenging activity for extracts of various Anemone species, attributed to the flavonoid, polyphenol, and saponin content of the plants. Anemone baicalensis, a plant abundant in Northeast China, has garnered attention for its potential medicinal properties. While its aerial parts have demonstrated significant antioxidant activity, the rhizome remains less explored. No controlled human trials evaluating antioxidant endpoints for Anemone preparations have been identified.

5.6 Hepatoprotective Activity

Evidence grade: Animal and cell-line studies only.

The herb has also been used for the induction of the humoral immune response and treatment of liver fibrosis in chronic hepatitis. Laboratory studies on triterpenoid saponins from A. rivularis var. flore-minore investigated anti-proliferative effects on HSC-T6 cells (hepatic stellate cells), which are implicated in hepatic fibrogenesis. These findings are preliminary and have not been extended to clinical populations.

5.7 Neurological and Sedative Activity

Evidence grade: Animal studies; no human clinical data.

Reported bioactivity and pharmacological properties of A. raddeana rhizome include anticancerous, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, anticonvulsive, antihistaminic, and sedative effects. Anticonvulsant and sedative activities have been documented in animal models. Anemonin has been highlighted for its potential in addressing cerebral ischemia in preclinical settings, based on its nitric oxide inhibitory activity.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas Associated with Anemone

Musculoskeletal system: Traditional and preclinical evidence for rheumatism, arthritis, neuralgia, analgesic effects.
Immune system: Immunomodulatory and adjuvant-like activity of polysaccharide and saponin fractions in animal models.
Oncology (preclinical): Anticancer activity (apoptosis induction, cell cycle arrest, anti-angiogenic effects) demonstrated in multiple human cancer cell lines and animal models, without human clinical confirmation.
Hepatobiliary system: Use in TCM for hepatitis and liver fibrosis; preclinical hepatoprotective data.
Integumentary system: Counter-irritant topical use; protoanemonin's vesicant properties exploited cautiously for skin conditions in folk medicine.
Gastrointestinal system: Traditional use for dysentery and intestinal parasites (particularly Pulsatilla/Anemone root); preclinical evidence of effect on gut inflammation.
Nervous system: Anticonvulsive, sedative, and analgesic properties in animal models; traditional use in panic/anxiety (pasque flower species).
Respiratory system: These plants were traditionally used for treating inflammation, pulmonary diseases, and malignant cancer.
Antimicrobial (broad-spectrum): In vitro activity against bacterial and fungal pathogens.

7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages

No standardized international dosage has been established for Anemone species. The following represent dosages or concentrations reported in specific scientific studies or traditional pharmacopoeias:

Antibacterial activity of A. rivularis essential oil: Antibacterial activity was observed at 100 µg/disc, and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values for four bacterial strains were in the range of 125–250 µg/mL.
Cytotoxicity of A. amurensis saponins: Compounds were tested for cytotoxicities against two human cancer cell lines (A549 and Hep-G2). One compound showed potent cytotoxicity with IC₅₀ values of 38.53 and 66.17 μM, respectively.
Dried root decoction (TCM, Pulsatilla/A. raddeana rhizome): The dried root used in standard decoctions has very low toxicity. At normal dosages, decoctions cause no adverse reactions and the saponins in the root have a very low hemolytic index. Specific gram dosages are not provided in accessible standardized sources reviewed here.
Fresh plant tincture (Western eclectic tradition): Historical eclectic medicine used tincture of fresh root. No specific contemporary standardized dosage is established in reviewed sources for internal use.

The absence of rigorously established clinical dosages reflects the fact that no Anemone species preparation has been approved as a drug by major Western regulatory agencies (FDA, EMA), and no pharmacopeial monograph establishing dosage ranges was identified in searched sources for the genus as a whole. Research dosages are derived from in vitro and preclinical work and cannot be directly extrapolated to human use.

8. Safety Considerations and Toxicological Profile

Protoanemonin Toxicity (Fresh Plant)

The most significant safety concern with Anemone plants in their fresh state is protoanemonin content. Anemone and Ranunculus species are known to be irritant to livestock and toxic on occasion. The plants contain ranunculin, the glucoside of 5-methylene-2(5H)-furanone or protoanemonin. Enzymatic hydrolysis of ranunculin releases protoanemonin as a volatile, irritant oil that is unstable and rapidly polymerizes to give a resin of which the dimer, anemonin, is a major constituent.

Whether with oral medication or topical use, natural Chinese herbs containing protoanemonin are all irritant to the human body. With oral medication, they result in severe gastro-enteritis and intoxication symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea, and can even stimulate the kidney and cause bloody urine and proteinuria. They cause redness, swelling, and blisters when contacted with the skin.

Ingesting large amounts of protoanemonin can cause nausea, vomiting, dizziness, spasms, acute hepatitis, jaundice, or paralysis in animals and humans.

Effect of Drying, Heating, and Storage on Toxicity

Protoanemonin is unstable and dimerizes into the much less toxic anemonin during drying and prolonged boiling, which is why properly dried and decocted preparations are considerably safer. Toxicity and side effects will disappear when water or an organic solvent is added to the raw herbs and the mixture is stored for a prolonged period (optionally with heating), or when ethyl ether, acetone, or sulfuric acid is added so as to polymerize two molecules of protoanemonin into anemonin.

Hemolytic Effects of Saponins

The herb also has hemolytic effects and can be toxic, which limits its clinical application. ARS (saponins extracted from the rhizome of A. raddeana) showed a slight hemolytic effect. The hemolytic potential of Anemone triterpenoid saponins represents a limiting factor for parenteral or high-dose internal administration and is an active area of safety research.

Additional Toxicological Concerns

The above-ground parts (stems and leaves) of closely related plants contain a cardiac-toxic compound (anemoninol/okinalin) with digitalis-like effects and should not be confused with the root.

Drying anemone radically changes its biochemistry; the dried plant primarily contains the less toxic anemonin, and while it does not have the same toxicity as the fresh plant, neither does it have the same medicinal value.

Anemone contains an acrid constituent, protoanemonin, which is a strong irritant to the mouth and gastrointestinal mucosa and skin. Toxic doses can lead to nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, low blood pressure, and, if high enough doses are consumed, respiratory distress.

Veterinary Toxicity

Clinical signs of protoanemonin toxicity in animals include oral irritation, hypersalivation, diarrhea, depression, and irritated skin of the muzzle. The presence of protoanemonin as a toxicant is associated primarily with members of the Ranunculaceae. They include Actaea, Anemone, Caltha, Clematis, Helleborus, and Hydrastis.

Summary of Evidence Gaps and Limitations

Some traditional claims of Anemone species have been validated scientifically by pre-clinical and clinical studies. However, the overwhelming majority of pharmacological evidence remains limited to in vitro cell-line experiments and rodent models. Further in-depth study is required under clinical settings to validate efficacy in cancer patients. No robust randomized controlled trials in human populations have been identified for any specific therapeutic indication using Anemone-derived preparations, and no regulatory approval as a drug (as opposed to a traditional herbal product) has been granted by major international agencies for this genus. The heterogeneity of species, plant parts, preparation methods, and chemical profiles across studies makes cross-comparison difficult, underscoring the need for standardized phytochemical and clinical research.

References

Health Conditions

Health conditions that Anemone may help support.

No conditions available.

Body Systems

Body systems that Anemone may help support.

No body systems available.