Corydalis

Corydalis: A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity and Botanical Description

Taxonomy and Nomenclature

Corydalis DC. is the largest genus within the family Papaveraceae, containing over 500 species divided into approximately 40 sections, and is broadly distributed in northern temperate regions, with particular diversity in China, especially the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The genus belongs to the subfamily Fumarioideae, which was formerly treated as a separate family, the Fumariaceae. The genus name comes from the Greek korydalís, meaning "crested lark," which roughly represents the characteristic flower shape.

The primary medicinal species is Corydalis yanhusuo W.T. Wang ex Z.Y. Su & C.Y. Wu (Papaveraceae). Known as Rhizoma Corydalis (RC), and also as Yanhusuo, YuanHu, YanHu, or XuanHu in China, it is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine prepared from the dried tubers of the plant. The genus Corydalis is native to China, the Nepalese Himalayas, Pakistan, Bhutan, Sikkim (India), and the Chumbi Valley of Tibet. Beyond C. yanhusuo, C. yanhusuo, C. bungeana Turcz. (Papaveraceae), and C. decumbens (Thunb.) Pers. (Papaveraceae) are all used in traditional Chinese analgesic remedies.

Natural Source and Botanical Features

The medicinal qualities of Corydalis yanhusuo are concentrated in the plant's tuber, or rhizome (the thickened underground stem), which is harvested and utilized in various preparations within Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM). Corydalis yanhusuo, also known as Yanhusuo or Xuanhu, is a perennial herb widely distributed in China, Japan, Korea, Russia, and other Asian countries. In China, C. yanhusuo is mainly distributed in Zhejiang Province. The plant has a long history of medicinal use and is mainly cultivated in the Zhejiang, Jiangxi, and Anhui provinces of China.

Common Forms and Preparations

Before being used in clinics, C. yanhusuo is traditionally processed through dry-frying or frying with vinegar, wine, or salt. Four methods of preparation are documented for Corydalis Rhizoma, namely dry-, vinegar-, wine- and salt-frying, and there are large differences in the alkaloid content between the processed products. As first documented in Lei's Treatise on Processing of Drugs (Leigong PaoZhi Lun) in the Tang Dynasty of China (618–907 AD), Corydalis Rhizoma has been used mainly in vinegar and wine processed form. The preparation deepens the external color of the tubers and is believed to promote blood activation and pain relief. The difference between vinegar and wine processing lies in the adjuvants used — yellow wine and rice vinegar, respectively. The function of yellow wine is to improve the pain relief effect, while rice vinegar is believed to increase the overall efficacy of the herbal drug.

Modern pharmaceutical forms of these prescriptions include tablets, granules, and powders, with tablets being the most commonly used form. Corydalis yanhusuo is also commercially available in the United States as a dietary supplement, and over 20 different prescriptions of this plant are listed in the Chinese Pharmacopeia. Tetrahydropalmatine (THP) is selected as a phytochemical marker for C. yanhusuo preparations quality control in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, which suggests that the quality of preparations should be based on THP properties, microscopic details, and thin layer chromatography results; the amount of THP in C. yanhusuo should not be less than 0.04% (Chinese Pharmacopeia, 2020).

2. Traditional and Historical Use

Chinese Traditional Medicine

Corydalis yanhusuo was first reported in Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun (Northern and Southern Dynasties, 618–907 AD) and has been used as an analgesic agent in traditional Chinese medicine for over 1,100 years, primarily for the treatment of chest pain. It was first recorded in the Shennong Herbal Classic and was listed as a medium-grade drug. In TCM classification, it is considered pungent, bitter, and warm, and is transported to the spleen and liver meridians. In TCM, Rhizoma Corydalis is believed to have functions such as activating blood, reinforcing vital energy (Qi), and relieving pain, as cited in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission (CPC) 2015.

Therefore, Corydalis Rhizoma has been used in clinics as a herbal medicine for the treatment of chest impediments, heart pain, amenorrhea and dysmenorrhea, postpartum stasis and obstruction. According to Hai Yao Ben Cao (Tang Dynasty, 907–960 AD), C. yanhusuo was used to treat postpartum blood stasis. Traditional practitioners prepared the herb as decoctions, with a typical dose of the crude dried tuber. Only processed slices are used for decoctions in clinics and as raw material for pharmaceutical manufacturing.

Broader Traditional Use Across the Genus

Member species of Corydalis have been widely used in traditional medicine systems in Southeast Asia, especially in China for thousands of years. They have been administered to treat the common cold, hypertension, hepatitis, hemorrhage, edema, gastritis, cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases, and neurological disorders. Analgesia is the most important effect of Corydalis products, which are relatively non-addictive and associated with low tolerance compared with other analgesics. These plants and their preparations have been used for millennia in the ancient traditional medicine systems of the Far East.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

Alkaloid Profile

Corydalis species are rich in alkaloids, which have strong biological activity, and also contain coumarins, flavonoids, steroids, organic acids, and other chemical components. A systematic review enumerated a total of 381 alkaloids across the genus, including 117 quaternary isoquinoline type, 60 benzophenanthridine type, 37 aporphine type, 10 protopine type, 59 phthalide isoquinoline type, 52 simple isoquinoline-type, 25 lignin amides, and 21 other alkaloids. To date, more than 160 compounds have been isolated and identified from C. yanhusuo specifically.

About 60 alkaloids have been identified from dried C. yanhusuo bulbs, and all, except leonticine and coryphenanthrine, belong to benzylisoquinoline alkaloids (BIAs). These known BIAs, based on their chemical structures, were classified into six types including protoberberines, aporphines, protopines, isoquinobenzazepines, benzophenanthridines, and bisbenzylisoquinolines.

Primary Active Compounds

• Tetrahydropalmatine (THP; l-THP / levo-tetrahydropalmatine; also known as rotundine): THP is one of the main specifically active alkaloids in C. yanhusuo, identified by in vivo screening tests in animal models and human cancer cells. L-Tetrahydropalmatine (L-THP or Rotundine) is a naturally occurring compound extracted from the tubers of plants like Corydalis yanhusuo and Stephania rotunda.
• Dehydrocorydaline (DHC): The most abundant alkaloid in Corydalis Rhizoma extract is dehydrocorydaline, comprising more than 50% of total alkaloids. Based on prior research, DHC exerts various biological properties, including anticancer, anti-coronary heart disease, acetylcholinesterase inhibitory, antithrombotic, anti-gastrointestinal ulcer, antimicrobial, anti-inflammation, antiviral, and antinociceptive effects.
• Corydaline: Corydaline is an isoquinoline alkaloid found in C. yanhusuo that has been used in traditional Chinese medicine for its analgesic and antiulcer effects.
• Protopine: Protopine is another of the main specifically active alkaloids identified from C. yanhusuo.
• Berberine, palmatine, columbamine, and tetrahydrocolumbamine: Other identified alkaloids in Corydalis Rhizoma include protopine, α-allocryptopine, tetrahydrocolumbamine, coptisine, palmatine, berberine, dehydrocorydaline, d,l-tetrahydropalmatine, tetrahydroberberine, corydaline, and tetrahydrocoptisine.

Research has revealed conserved alkaloid profiles across Corydalis species but highlighted significant variations in key bioactive compounds. Notably, C. nanchuanensis exhibits considerably higher levels of tetrahydropalmatine compared to the commonly used medicinal species C. yanhusuo, while C. solida, originally sourced from the Netherlands, displays elevated concentrations of corydaline, palmatine, and dehydrocorydaline.

4. Mechanisms of Action

Dopaminergic System

Levo-tetrahydropalmatine (l-THP), an active ingredient of Corydalis yanhusuo, has been reported to be a partial agonist for dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) and an antagonist for D2R. Although it has been safely used clinically in China for decades as an analgesic with sedative/hypnotic properties, there are few studies addressing the mechanisms by which l-THP exerts its beneficial effects in chronic pain-induced sleep disturbance. The pharmacological profile of l-THP includes antagonism of dopamine D1 and D2 receptors, as well as actions at dopamine D3, alpha-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. The Ki values for l-THP at D1 and D2 dopamine receptors are approximately 124 nM (D1) and 388 nM (D2). In addition to the antagonism of postsynaptic dopamine receptors, the blockade of presynaptic autoreceptors by l-THP results in increased dopamine release.

GABAergic and Other Receptor Systems

Along with dopamine receptors, l-THP has been reported to interact with a number of other receptor types, including alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, at which it functions as an antagonist, and GABA_A receptors, through positive allosteric modulation. Its ability to facilitate GABA binding through positive allosteric effects suggests a mechanism for its sedative and anxiolytic actions, as GABA is the brain's primary inhibitory neurotransmitter.

Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms (Dehydrocorydaline)

The anti-inflammatory activities of Corydalis Rhizoma extracts and its major alkaloids were evaluated in LPS-treated macrophages by determining expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, IκBα, and NF-κB. The most abundant alkaloid in CR extract was dehydrocorydaline, and the anti-inflammatory activities of dehydrocorydaline and its related analogues were demonstrated. Specifically, the anti-inflammatory roles of dehydrocorydaline were revealed in LPS-treated cultured macrophages, including inhibiting proinflammatory cytokines release such as TNF-α and IL-6, suppressing mRNA expressions of proinflammatory cytokines, promoting IκBα expression and suppressing activation of the NF-κB transcriptional element, and reducing the nuclear translocation of NF-κB.

Neuroprotective Mechanisms

Dehydrocorydaline (DHC), an active alkaloid compound isolated from Corydalis yanhusuo, possesses neuroprotective capacity. A rat brain cortical synaptosome study found that DHC inhibited 4-aminopyridine-evoked glutamate release and elevated intrasynaptosomal calcium levels. The inhibitory effect of DHC on glutamate release was prevented in the presence of the vesicular transporter inhibitor bafilomycin A1 and the N- and P/Q-type Ca²⁺ channel blocker ω-conotoxin MVIIC. Since excessive glutamate release induces excitotoxicity and neuronal damage in neurodegenerative diseases, this mechanism is of potential neuroprotective significance.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Pain (Analgesia)

Pain relief is the most extensively studied area of Corydalis research. The research on Corydalis covers a surprisingly broad range of pain models, though nearly all of it comes from animal studies rather than large human clinical trials. Individual compounds from the plant have shown activity against inflammatory pain, neuropathic pain (caused by nerve damage), and visceral pain.

Animal evidence: The potential antihyperalgesic effect of l-THP, the active component of C. yanhusuo, has been investigated. L-THP has been used for the treatment of headache and other mild pain, but the analgesic effect on chronic pain and its mechanism were less well understood. Research demonstrated that L-THP exerts remarkable antihyperalgesic effects on neuropathic and inflammatory pain in animal models. In these studies, L-THP (1–4 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose-dependent antihyperalgesic effect in spinal nerve ligation and complete Freund's adjuvant models, and the antihyperalgesic effects of L-THP were abolished by a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist (SCH23390, 0.02 mg/kg).

Animal studies have shown that Corydalis yanhusuo extract reduces responses to acute heat pain, chemically triggered inflammatory pain, and nerve injury pain, all at doses that do not cause sedation. Perhaps most notably, the extract did not produce tolerance in these studies, meaning repeated use did not require higher doses to achieve the same effect — a significant contrast to opioid painkillers, where tolerance develops quickly.

In the context of chemotherapy-induced neuropathic pain, l-THP (1–4 mg/kg, i.p.) produced a dose-dependent anti-hyperalgesic effect in a mouse model of oxaliplatin-induced neuropathic pain, and this anti-hyperalgesic effect was significantly blocked by a dopamine D1 receptor antagonist, suggesting a dopamine D1 receptor mechanism.

Human/clinical evidence: Corydalis yanhusuo is an old traditional Chinese medicine with demonstrated analgesic efficacy in humans. However, definitive human clinical trials for chronic pain have not been completed, so it cannot yet be called a proven chronic pain treatment. That said, the mechanistic evidence is solid and the traditional use record is long. Clinical trials have tested the efficacy of C. yanhusuo in treating several inflammatory disorders, providing symptomatic relief and improving the quality of life of patients with persistent rhinitis and osteoarthritis. These trials confirmed that concentrated C. yanhusuo extracts are safe for human consumption.

Evidence strength summary: Robust preclinical (animal and in vitro) evidence for analgesia across multiple pain types; some traditional use documentation and limited human clinical trials for inflammatory conditions; no large-scale randomized controlled trials for chronic pain as of this writing.

5.2 Sleep and Sedation

Human clinical trials on dl-THP have shown that the ability to fall asleep was improved in people suffering from insomnia after taking 100–200 mg of dl-THP at bedtime. Research suggests that Corydalis Rhizoma, particularly the THP it contains, may have sedative and sleep-promoting properties, believed to work by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain. Preliminary human reports suggest that THP might improve sleep without causing a "hangover" effect; however, more research is needed to confirm these benefits and understand the long-term safety of using Yanhusuo for sleep.

Levo-tetrahydropalmatine has been reported to function as a partial agonist for dopamine D1 receptors (D1R) and an antagonist for D2R. Although it has been safely used clinically in China for decades as an analgesic with sedative/hypnotic properties, there are few studies addressing the mechanisms by which l-THP exerts its beneficial effects in chronic pain-induced sleep disturbance.

Evidence strength: Older human clinical data on dl-THP exist for insomnia, but sample sizes were small and methodology details are limited in available Western sources. Evidence is preliminary.

5.3 Cardiovascular Effects

In addition to its central nervous system effects, studies in the laboratory have shown that the alkaloids from Corydalis also have cardiovascular actions. For example, dl-THP has been shown to both decrease the stickiness of platelets and protect against stroke, as well as lower blood pressure and heart rate in animal studies.

In a small double-blind clinical trial with patients suffering from supraventricular premature beats (SVPB), people taking 300–600 mg of dl-THP per day in tablet form had a significantly greater improvement than those taking placebo pills.

Corydalis yanhusuo shows inhibitory effects on rabbit platelet aggregation induced by adenosine diphosphate (ADP), thrombin, or arachidonic acid. Regarding atherosclerosis, injection of DHC in apolipoprotein E-deficient (ApoE^−/−) mice not only inhibited atherosclerosis development but also improved aortic compliance and increased plaque stability. In addition, DHC attenuated systemic and vascular inflammation in ApoE^−/− mice.

With respect to cardiovascular effects of DHC, it decreases intracellular free calcium concentrations in cardiomyocytes under normoxia and hypoxia, suggesting an inhibitory effect on calcium overload.

Evidence strength: One small human clinical trial for anti-arrhythmic effects; animal and laboratory evidence for platelet aggregation inhibition and atherosclerosis; evidence is preliminary and should be characterized as supportive at best.

5.4 Anti-addiction and Opioid Interaction

Corydalis yanhusuo (YHS) extract has been shown to reduce required doses of morphine in pain management and can successfully block development of morphine tolerance and dependence. More recently, YHS has been shown to promote analgesia in animal models of acute, inflammatory, and neuropathic pain. It acts, at least in part, by inhibiting the dopamine D2 receptor, suggesting that it may be advantageous to manage addiction.

The alkaloids of C. yanhusuo have a cross-substitution effect on opioids, providing therapeutic benefits during withdrawal. When the extract of Yanhusuo (Corydalis Rhizoma) is co-administered with morphine, it can inhibit morphine tolerance, dependence, and addiction.

Evidence strength: These findings are primarily from animal models. As noted above, human clinical trials for this application have not been completed. The data are mechanistically compelling but remain preclinical.

5.5 Anti-inflammatory Effects

DHC has been shown to have potent anti-inflammatory effects on acute and chronic animal models, and because of these anti-inflammatory functions, it is widely used in the treatment of inflammation-associated pain, such as cramping pain, abdominal pain, and pain caused by injury and bone cancer. Studies in cells and rodents have demonstrated anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, anti-tumor, antihypertensive, cholesterol-lowering, and anticirrhotic properties, among others.

Evidence strength: In vitro and animal studies dominate; clinical trial data for anti-inflammatory outcomes are limited.

5.6 Antitumor / Anticancer Research

Scientists have identified more than 80 different bioactive alkaloid compounds in C. yanhusuo. Some of these alkaloids, such as tetrahydropalmatine, berberine, dehydrocorydaline, and glaucine, have shown anticancer capabilities. In laboratory and animal studies, particularly in breast cancer models, C. yanhusuo and its alkaloid extracts have been found to suppress tumor growth and spread. Lignanamides from the aerial parts of Corydalis saxicola have antitumor activity. 13-Methyl-palmatrubine, isolated from C. yanhusuo, induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in A549 cells in vitro and in vivo.

Evidence strength: Entirely preclinical (in vitro and animal). No human clinical evidence for anticancer use has been established.

5.7 Schizophrenia and Psychiatric Symptoms

Given the D1, D2, and D3 dopamine receptor antagonism properties of l-THP, it was hypothesized that l-THP, when added to a stable dose of an antipsychotic medication, would lead to improvement of positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia. However, 4 weeks of l-THP treatment was not associated with any significant change in psychiatric measures.

Evidence strength: One human study yielded negative results. No evidence currently supports use in schizophrenia.

6. Body Systems Associated with Corydalis

• Central Nervous System: Analgesia, sedation, sleep promotion, anxiolysis, neuroprotection via glutamate modulation.
• Cardiovascular System: Antiarrhythmic action, platelet aggregation inhibition, potential antiatherosclerotic effects, blood pressure effects.
• Musculoskeletal System: Pain relief in inflammatory and neuropathic conditions; dysmenorrhea and postpartum pain (traditional use).
• Gastrointestinal System: Historical use for chest impediments, heart pain, amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, and postpartum stasis and obstruction. Some gastroprotective properties attributed to corydaline have been researched.
• Immune/Inflammatory System: Suppression of NF-κB signaling, reduction of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6).
• Oncology (preclinical only): In vitro and animal models for various cancer cell lines.

Overall, the constituents of Corydalis have pharmacological efficacy against diseases of the nervous, cardiovascular, and digestive systems.

7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages

Dosages documented in sources are as follows:

• In a small double-blind clinical trial for supraventricular arrhythmia, participants took 300–600 mg of dl-THP per day in tablet form.
• In human clinical trials on insomnia, participants took 100–200 mg of dl-THP at bedtime.
• Most clinical studies and traditional applications suggest a dosage of 3 to 9 grams of the dried tuber when prepared as a tea or decoction.
• In animal toxicology studies, orally administered raw C. yanhusuo extracts and total alkaloids in C. yanhusuo were found to induce adverse effects exceeding 3 g/day (extracts) or 473.36 mg/kg (total alkaloids) in mice.
• In animal studies demonstrating antihyperalgesic effect, L-THP was used at 1–4 mg/kg (intraperitoneal) producing dose-dependent effects in neuropathic pain models.
• A specific combination product (Motilitone, Dong-A ST) containing Corydalis yanhusuo extract and Pharbitis seed extract is noted as possibly safe when used for up to 4 weeks in human use.

Modern pharmaceutical delivery forms include tablets, granules, and powders, with tablets being the most commonly used. Using THP alone as the only quantitative marker may be insufficient in assessing the quality of C. yanhusuo, due to the impacts of other alkaloids on its physiological activity.

8. Safety Considerations and Drug Interactions

Hepatotoxicity

Corydalis yanhusuo is a commonly used traditional Chinese medicine, often prescribed for treating a variety of pains. In recent years, there has been a gradual increase in the number of reports of liver injury caused by YHS and its preparations, but the exact type and mechanism of hepatotoxicity remain unclear. Research has demonstrated that YHS can induce idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) in inflammatory activation models.

Based on previous clinical and animal trials, oral administration of raw C. yanhusuo extracts (more than 1–3 g/day) or total C. yanhusuo alkaloids (473.36 mg/kg) induced liver damage, muscle tremors, and renal hemorrhage in mice, indicating that raw C. yanhusuo extracts and total C. yanhusuo alkaloids have mild toxicity. The liver damage may be due to the effects of high-dose C. yanhusuo including disordered energy metabolism and increased hepatocyte membrane permeability that facilitated the release of intracellular transaminase into the blood, eventually leading to liver cell swelling, necrosis, and inflammatory cell infiltration.

In recent years, there has been a gradual increase in the number of reports of liver injury caused by YHS and its preparations. A 2025 study demonstrated that YHS could induce idiosyncratic drug-induced liver injury (IDILI) in inflammatory activation models. Research using transcriptomics and metabolomics identified 459 differential genes and 25 differential metabolites, significantly enriched in TNF and NF-κB signaling pathways, as well as glycerophospholipid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, and arachidonic acid metabolism. YHS significantly increased the levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, suggesting that the mechanism of toxicity may be related to these pathways.

Vinegar processing of C. yanhusuo and combining it with other medicinal plants are recommended approaches for reducing toxicity. However, the specific toxic substances within the total alkaloid fraction are still not clearly identified, requiring further study.

Human Case Reports

Corydalis yanhusuo is a perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the Papaveraceae family, found in China, Japan, Korea, and other Asian countries, and has been used for centuries in Chinese herbal medicine. There have been human studies implicating it as a cause of drug-induced liver injury.

Drug Interactions

One of the primary concerns regarding drug interactions with THP is its interaction with other central nervous system depressants, such as benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and opioids. Combining THP with these medications can enhance sedative effects, leading to increased drowsiness, confusion, and potential respiratory depression. Potential drug interactions include enhanced effects when used with opioids and possible interactions with drugs affecting dopamine pathways. Caution is advised when using Corydalis yanhusuo with dopamine-related medications and opioid therapies.

Pregnancy and Special Populations

Due to insufficient data, Corydalis yanhusuo is not recommended for pregnant or breastfeeding women, children, or patients with severe hepatic or renal impairment.

Quality Control and Processing Effects

Vinegar processing of C. yanhusuo can increase the absorption rate of tetrahydropalmatine (THP) in the heart, liver, spleen, lung, and brain tissues and alleviate mice muscle tremors and liver damage caused by C. yanhusuo. These results indicate that processing and compatibility can reduce toxicity and increase the efficacy of C. yanhusuo.

References

• Systematic review of the alkaloid constituents in several important medicinal plants of the Genus Corydalis — PubMed (2021)
• Systematic review of the alkaloid constituents in several important medicinal plants of the Genus Corydalis — ScienceDirect (2021)
• A Review of the Traditional Uses, Botany, Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Toxicology of Corydalis yanhusuo — Natural Product Communications / SAGE (2020)
• Identification and developmental expression profiling of putative alkaloid biosynthetic genes in Corydalis yanhusuo bulbs — PMC
• Influence of Vinegar and Wine Processing on the Alkaloid Content and Composition of Corydalis Rhizoma — PMC
• Processing and Compatibility of Corydalis yanhusuo: Phytochemistry, Pharmacology, Pharmacokinetics, and Safety — PMC (2021)
• Dopamine D1 and D2 receptors mediate analgesic and hypnotic effects of l-tetrahydropalmatine in a mouse neuropathic pain model — Psychopharmacology / Springer (2019)
• L-Tetrahydropalmatine alleviates mechanical hyperalgesia in models of chronic inflammatory and neuropathic pain in mice — PubMed (2016)
• Levo-tetrahydropalmatine attenuates oxaliplatin-induced mechanical hyperalgesia in mice — PubMed (2014)
• L-Tetrahydropalmatine, a Novel Dopamine Antagonist, Fails to Improve Psychiatric Symptoms as Adjunctive Treatment for Schizophrenia — Schizophrenia Bulletin Open (2020)
• Tetrahydropalmatine — Wikipedia
• Inhibition of Glutamate Release from Rat Cortical Nerve Terminals by Dehydrocorydaline, an Alkaloid from Corydalis yanhusuo — PMC
• Antiatherosclerotic effect of dehydrocorydaline on ApoE−/− mice: inhibition of macrophage inflammation — PMC (2022)
• Dehydrocorydaline Accounts the Majority of Anti-Inflammatory Property of Corydalis Rhizoma in Cultured Macrophage — PMC (2020)
• A New Discovery: Corydalis yanhusuo Causes Idiosyncratic Hepatotoxicity and Its Potential Mechanisms — PubMed (2025)
• Corydalis and Drug-Induced Liver Injury: A Series of 2 Cases — PMC (2023)
• The Extract of Corydalis yanhusuo Prevents Morphine Tolerance and Dependence — PMC / Pharmaceuticals (2021)
• The Extract of Corydalis yanhusuo Prevents Morphine Tolerance and Dependence — MDPI Pharmaceuticals (2021)
• Taxonomic identity of Corydalis lidenii (Papaveraceae) — PMC
• New Insights Into the Backbone Phylogeny and Character Evolution of Corydalis (Papaveraceae) — Frontiers in Plant Science (2022)
• An updated classification for the hyper-diverse genus Corydalis (Papaveraceae: Fumarioideae) — PubMed
• Corydalis — Health Information Library, PeaceHealth
• Corydalis yanhusuo — WebMD Vitamins & Supplements
• Corydalis yanhusuo — ScienceDirect Topics Overview
• Corydalis yanhusuo — Taylor & Francis Knowledge Centre
• Metabolomic and evolutionary integration unveils medicinal potential in six Corydalis species — PubMed (2025)