Erythrina

Erythrina: A Comprehensive Reference

1. Identity, Botanical Description, and Natural Sources

Erythrina is a genus of plants in the pea family, Fabaceae. It contains about 130 species, distributed in tropical and subtropical regions worldwide, and includes trees with larger species growing up to 30 m in height. These species are known for their large flowers with long and bright red or orange petals. The generic name derives from the Greek word erythros, meaning "red," referring to the flower color. In horticulture, the collective vernacular name "coral tree" is widely used for these plants, and "flame tree" is another vernacular name.

The genus Erythrina derives its name from the Greek word erythros, meaning "red," which reflects the showy red flowers of its various species. The genus includes trees, shrubs, and herbaceous plants with orange to bright red flowers, rich in pterocarpans and alkaloids, flavonoids, triterpenes, steroids, alkyl trans-ferulates, proteins, saponins, and lecithin, as well as gallic and caffeic acids.

Among the most pharmacologically studied species are:

• Erythrina mulungu Mart. ex Benth. — native to Brazil, the most studied species for CNS effects; also known as Erythrina verna Vell. or Corallodendron mulungu.
• Erythrina velutina Willd. — indigenous to Brazil, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, and Hispaniola. Approximately 244 compounds, mainly alkaloids and flavonoids, have been isolated from it.
• Erythrina variegata L. (syn. E. indica Lam.) — a thorny deciduous tree growing to 60 feet tall, widely distributed across South and Southeast Asia.
• Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. — an important ethnomedicinal plant in Africa, used widely across sub-Saharan Africa.
• Erythrina crista-galli L. — a tree of the Fabaceae family, native to the Rio de la Plata region, and the national flower of Argentina.
• Erythrina senegalensis DC. — used extensively in West African traditional medicine.

There are 16 of the 120 species of the Erythrina genus with confirmed pharmacological activities.

Common Names and Synonymy

Species in this genus carry a wide range of vernacular names depending on region: "mulungu" in Brazil (principally E. mulungu and E. velutina); "coral tree" or "Indian coral tree" for E. variegata/indica in South Asia; "lucky bean tree" or "red hot poker tree" for African species; "cockspur coral tree" for E. crista-galli. In Ayurvedic texts such as the Sushrut Samhita, E. indica/variegata is referred to as "Paribhadraka" and has been utilized for centuries in various herbal remedies.

2. Traditional and Historical Uses

South America

Erythrina mulungu is a native tree from Southern Brazil, known as mulungu or coral tree due to its reddish flowers. Tinctures and decoctions made from the leaves or barks are often used in Brazilian traditional medicine as mild sedatives and to treat insomnia and depression. Bark decoctions of mulungu species are used for their sedative and anxiolytic properties. The stem bark and leaves are used to make an infusion that exhibits tranquilizing and anti-anxiety properties.

Africa

Erythrina senegalensis DC. (Fabaceae) is documented in traditional medicine in several regions of Mali. Data collected through interviews with traditional healers indicate that it was used for amenorrhea, malaria, jaundice, infections, abortion, wound healing, and body pain including chest pain, back pain, and abdominal pain.

Different species have been used to manage microbial infections, dizziness, amenorrhea, headache, eye troubles, female sterility, liver disorders, asthma, epilepsy, malaria, and wounds. Erythrina excelsa is documented as used as an antidote against snakebites.

Traditional remedies derived from Erythrina abyssinica are prepared using diverse methods, including boiling (decoctions), cold infusions, drying and powdering, topical application, and direct chewing. The stem bark, roots, seeds, leaves, and flowers — either individually or in combination — are widely used in herbal medicine to treat numerous ailments, with the stem bark and roots being the most commonly utilized parts due to their high phytochemical concentration.

South and Southeast Asia

Erythrina indica (belonging to the family Leguminosae) is a compact shrub growing wild throughout the coastal forests of India. It is popular in indigenous systems of medicine including Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani, and Homoeopathy. Various plant parts such as bark, root, fruits, and leaves are used in treatment of fever; preparations are used as astringents, febrifuges, and in skin diseases. Ayurvedic formulations such as Abhay Lavana (for liver and spleen disorders), Sri Gopal Taila (for neuromuscular pain), and Narayana Taila (for muscular pain) containing the plant are available in the Indian market.

In West Java, Indonesia, a local plant named dadap serep — belonging to the Erythrina genus — has been traditionally used to reduce blood glucose, fever, and edema, by pounding the leaves and applying them on inflamed skin, or boiling them and consuming as herbal tea.

Argentina and the Southern Cone

Erythrina crista-galli is native to the Rio de la Plata region, and its aerial parts are used in traditional medicine for sedative properties. To validate this traditional use, aqueous and organic extracts of the leaves were tested through the Hippocratic Screening Test, Spontaneous Locomotor Activity test, and Potentiation of Pentobarbital Sleeping Time Test — two extracts resulted in statistically significant depression of CNS activity.

Plant Parts and Preparations Used Historically

Across different traditional cultures, it has been reported that bark is the most widely used plant part (approximately 42%), followed by leaves (28%), flowers (16%), other plant parts (10%), and roots (4%). The bark and leaves are the common parts used for medicinal purposes. Decoction is the habitual form of preparation; the liquid obtained is ingested or applied externally on the affected area.

3. Key Phytochemical Constituents

Alkaloids

Erythrina species are rich sources of secondary metabolites, with alkaloids and flavonoids as their main bioactive constituents. Phytochemical investigations confirmed the presence of tetracyclic alkaloids as the major compounds. Other alkaloid classes have also been reported, including dimeric and trimeric substances, coupled through direct polymerization or two erythrinine units via an acetyl glucose. The Erythrina genus comprises about 115 species and has been extensively studied, mainly because of its alkaloids, which have pharmacological properties.

About 143 alkaloids have been isolated from Erythrina species. Anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, curare-like activity, insecticidal, and cytotoxic activities have been reported for Erythrina alkaloids.

The Erythrina alkaloids contain four linked rings, labeled A, B, C, and D, whose structures can be divided into two groups — those with an aromatic D ring (by far the largest group) and those with an unsaturated lactone or heteroaromatic ring such as a furan or pyridine ring system. The 8-oxo Erythrina alkaloids are also widespread, while homo-Erythrina alkaloids similarly contain four linked rings, in which the C ring is seven-membered.

Among the most pharmacologically characterized individual alkaloids are:

• Erythravine and (+)-11α-hydroxy-erythravine: identified as the main agents responsible for the anticonvulsant and anxiolytic properties of Erythrina mulungu.
• Erysothrine: isolated from flowers of E. mulungu, studied for anticonvulsant and anxiolytic properties.
• Erysodine and dihydro-β-erythroidine (DHβE): potent and selective competitive inhibitors of α4β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs).
• Erythraline, erythramine, erythratine, 9-erythroidine: early-documented alkaloids with curarizing properties.
• Erysotrinol, erysopine, erysovine: additional members of the tetracyclic erythrinan skeleton, present in various species.

Some members of the alkaloid family have curare-like activity, in addition to hypotensive, sedative, and CNS depressant properties.

Flavonoids and Isoflavonoids

Pterocarpans comprise a large group of isoflavonoids and function as phytoalexins (plant antimicrobial mechanisms) and are mostly found in the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family. Flavonoids — low-molecular-weight polyphenolic metabolites — are further classified into subgroups including flavones, flavonols, isoflavones, chalcones, and anthocyanins. A review found that about 121 flavonoids from the genus Erythrina have been evaluated for antibacterial activity, including approximately 31% pterocarpans.

Among the isolated phenolic compounds, flavonoids including abyssinoflavanones I, II, and VII, sigmoidin I, eryvarin B, erythraddison II–IV, warangalone, phaseollidin, erybraedin A, isoneorautenol, phaseollin, cristacarpin, and erystagallin A have displayed potent antiproliferative activities.

Other Constituents

Triterpenes, sterols, stilbenes, coumarins, and phenolic acids have also been reported in Erythrina species. In extracts studied from Brazilian species, alkaloids including erythristemine, 11β-methoxyglucoerysodine, erysothiopine, 11β-hydroxyerysodine-glucose, and 11-hydroxyerysotinone-rhamnoside have been identified. Lectins are another biochemically distinctive component; the lectin gene appears to be conserved within the Erythrina genus, showing high nucleotide identity across multiple species including E. senegalensis, E. crista-galli, E. corallodendron, and E. variegata.

4. Established and Proposed Mechanisms of Action

Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Antagonism

Crude extracts and three isolated alkaloids from Erythrina mulungu plants have shown anxiolytic effects in different animal models. Researchers investigated whether these alkaloids could affect nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and whether they are selective for different CNS subtypes. Screening experiments were performed using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings in three different cell models: PC12 cells natively expressing α3* nAChRs; cultured hippocampal neurons natively expressing α7* nAChRs; and HEK 293 cells heterologously expressing α4β2 nAChRs.

The IC₅₀ obtained with (+)-erythravine and (+)-11α-hydroxyerythravine were 6 µM and 5 µM for the α7* receptors, and 13 nM and 4 nM for the α4β2 receptors, respectively. These data suggest that Erythrina alkaloids may exert their behavioral effects through inhibition of CNS nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, particularly the α4β2 subtype.

Anticonvulsant Mechanisms

The alkaloid erysothrine was isolated from the hydroalcoholic extract of flowers from E. mulungu and screened for anticonvulsant and anxiolytic actions. Its administration inhibited seizures evoked by bicuculline, PTZ, NMDA, and most remarkably, kainic acid. In the elevated plus maze, erysothrine increased the number of entries but not time spent in the open arms. In preliminary neurochemistry tests, erysothrine (0.001–10 µg/mL) did not alter GABA or glutamate synaptosomal uptake and binding.

Central Nervous System Depression and Sedation

Erythrina species have the potential to act in the central nervous system, with anxiolytic and anticonvulsant properties already established in preclinical literature. The tetracyclic alkaloids of Erythrina type from multiple species have activities similar to curare, causing muscle paralysis at relevant concentrations.

Antimicrobial and Antifungal Mechanisms

Pterocarpans function as phytoalexins, serving as a plant antimicrobial mechanism, and are mostly found in the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family. The pharmacological antimicrobial effects were predominantly attributed to prenylated flavonoids, isoflavones, pterocarpans, and erythrina-type alkaloids.

Anticancer Mechanisms

The mechanism underlying cytotoxic activity involves upregulation of p53 and Bax as well as downregulation of Bcl-2, associated with activation of caspase-3. The antiproliferative activity of the pterocarpan cristacarpin (IC₅₀ <10 µM) was proved to be mediated by stimulation of caspases 3, 7, 8, and 9, along with disturbance of mitochondrial membrane potential and an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production.

Antihypertensive Effects

A potent dose-dependent hypotensive effect was observed for E. falcata, which may be related to the β-adrenergic receptor pathway. Erythrina alkaloids have the ability to interact with cholinergic and GABAergic receptors, which partially explains their possible antihypertensive and anthelmintic properties.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use

5.1 Anxiety and CNS Effects

Preclinical (animal) evidence — substantial body of work:

Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu, popularly used in Brazil as tranquilizing agents, have been studied in animal models. Acute and chronic oral treatment with a water-alcohol extract of E. velutina impaired elevated T-maze avoidance latencies, without altering escape, in a way similar to the reference drug diazepam. These observations suggest that E. velutina exerts anxiolytic-like effects on a specific subset of defensive behaviors associated with generalized anxiety disorder.

Ribeiro and colleagues demonstrated that Erythrina mulungu has anxiolytic potential comparable to diazepam in animal models. Rambo and colleagues identified alkaloids such as erysotrine and erythravine as thought to be responsible for these effects.

Clinical (human) evidence — limited, one small randomized trial:

A randomized, double-blind, crossover study evaluated the effect of Erythrina mulungu on control of dental anxiety in 30 healthy volunteers (5 men and 25 women, over 18 years of age) who received either 500 mg of E. mulungu (Mulungu Matusa®) or 500 mg of placebo orally, one hour before a surgical procedure (bilateral extraction of asymptomatic, impacted mandibular third molars). Erythrina mulungu showed an anxiolytic effect without significant changes in physiological parameters, and was considered as a potential alternative to control anxiety in adult patients undergoing mandibular third molar surgery.

Strength of evidence: The human evidence base consists of a single small clinical trial (n = 30). While the animal pharmacology is consistent and mechanistically supported, large-scale, adequately powered randomized controlled trials in humans are lacking. The toxicity and clinical studies of Erythrina genus plants are limitedly reported.

5.2 Anticonvulsant Activity

Preclinical evidence only:

Erysothrine administration inhibited seizures evoked by bicuculline, PTZ, NMDA, and most remarkably kainic acid. Erysothrine inhibited seizures induced by GABA antagonists and glutamate agonists. This work validated the ethnopharmacological potential of E. mulungu.

Strength of evidence: Currently limited to animal and in vitro models. No human clinical trials on anticonvulsant use have been published.

5.3 Antibacterial and Antimicrobial Activity

Primarily in vitro evidence:

Several Erythrina species exhibited substantial antiviral activity against prominent pathogens such as HIV and SARS-CoV-2. Strong antibacterial efficacy was observed against Staphylococcus aureus, including multidrug-resistant strains. Antifungal activity was most pronounced against Candida albicans, while potent antiplasmodial effects were reported against both drug-sensitive and drug-resistant strains of Plasmodium falciparum.

Potent antimicrobial activity of E. senegalensis lectin was observed against Erwinia carotovora, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus niger, Penicillium camemberti, and Scopulariopsis brevicaulis, with inhibition zones ranging from 18 to 24 mm. Minimum inhibitory concentrations ranged between 50 and 400 µg/mL.

Antibacterial activity was confirmed for E. subumbrans (twigs and roots), E. verna (stem bark), E. suberosa (leaves and bark), E. lysistemon (stem bark), and E. poeppigiana (leaves). Notable antibacterial activity of plant extracts is an auspicious result, since extracts contain a mixture of metabolites.

Strength of evidence: Predominantly in vitro. No controlled human clinical trials have evaluated antibacterial or antimicrobial endpoints for Erythrina preparations. Further mechanistic studies and in vivo evaluations are considered essential to fully assess clinical efficacy and support the development of plant-derived antimicrobial agents.

5.4 Anticancer and Antiproliferative Activity

In vitro and limited in vivo animal evidence:

Pharmacological investigations with crude extracts and isolated compounds from Erythrina species revealed a broad range of antiproliferative activity against several drug-sensitive and multidrug-resistant cancer cell lines. The anticancer activity has been validated and reported in 7 articles against different cancer cell lines. The ethyl acetate subfraction of E. senegalensis stem bark exhibited anticancer activity against U373, MCF-7, A549, SKMEL-28, and B16F10 cells.

Nineteen out of forty-two secondary metabolites isolated from E. senegalensis displayed interesting in vitro and/or in vivo antitumor activities. They included compounds from alkaloids (erysodine), triterpenes (erythrodiol, maniladiol, oleanolic acid), prenylated isoflavonoids (senegalensin, alpinumisoflavone, derrone, warangalone), flavonoids (lupinifolin, carpachromene), and pterocarpans (erybraedine A, erybraedine C, phaseollin).

Strength of evidence: All anticancer data is preclinical (cell lines and animal models). No human trials have been conducted. Results are described as preliminary and warranting further investigation.

5.5 Anti-inflammatory and Analgesic Activity

E. abyssinica, E. caffra, and E. arborescens are the most used species in traditional medicine for pain and inflammation management. The alkaloids extracted from the leaves of E. variegata are reported to have anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity. Anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic activities have been reported in preclinical studies.

Strength of evidence: Preclinical (in vitro and animal) data only. Human clinical trials for anti-inflammatory or analgesic use are absent from the published literature.

5.6 Antidiabetic Activity

In Indonesian folk medicine, Erythrina species have been traditionally used to reduce blood glucose. The role of protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) inhibitory activity in antidiabetic and cytotoxic activities has been discussed in flavonoid studies.

Strength of evidence: Ethnobotanical reports and in vitro enzyme inhibition data only. No clinical evidence exists.

5.7 Antihypertensive Activity

A potent dose-dependent hypotensive effect was observed in animal studies for E. falcata, which may be related to the β-adrenergic receptor pathway. Hypertension is a global health problem whose increased incidence can lead to the development of many chronic diseases. Alcoholic extracts of E. americana have proven hypotensive effects in rats, rabbits, and dogs. Alkaloids obtained from this species also demonstrated hypotensive activity.

Strength of evidence: Animal model data only.

5.8 Estrogenic Activity

A few works have reported estrogenic activity within the studied activities of Erythrina genus plants. Cytotoxicity, anti-inflammatory, estrogenic, and antiplasmodial activities were reported for flavonoids from Erythrina plant species. This area of research relates primarily to the isoflavonoid content of the genus, which shares structural similarities with estrogen. Evidence remains preclinical.

5.9 Antiviral Activity

The anti-HIV activity of E. abyssinica was attributed to isoquinoline-type alkaloids present in certain fractions that inhibit HIV-1 replication through inhibition of viral entry and reverse transcription processes. Erysodine, erysotrine, and erythraline isolated from E. crista-galli (and also present in E. abyssinica) showed significant antiviral activity against tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) with IC₅₀ values of 1.48, 1.28, and 1.52 µM, respectively.

Strength of evidence: Entirely in vitro; no human antiviral trials have been published.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas Associated with Erythrina

• Central Nervous System: Sedation, anxiolysis, anticonvulsant action, CNS depression, antidepressant investigation. The most extensively preclinically and (modestly) clinically studied domain.
• Cardiovascular System: Hypotensive activity (animal studies); neuromuscular blocking effects.
• Immune and Infectious Disease: Antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral (HIV, SARS-CoV-2 in vitro), antiplasmodial activities.
• Oncology/Cell Biology: Antiproliferative activity across multiple cancer cell lines in vitro.
• Endocrine System: Estrogenic activity via isoflavonoid content.
• Metabolic: Antidiabetic potential via PTP1B inhibition and traditional use in blood glucose management.
• Musculoskeletal: Neuromuscular blocking, smooth muscle relaxant effects (preclinical). E. variegata shows neuromuscular blocking, smooth muscle relaxant, CNS depressant, and hydrocholeretic pharmacological effects consistent with indigenous system uses.
• Anti-inflammatory/Analgesic: Preclinical data for pain and inflammation pathways.

7. Dosage Forms and Dosages Reported in Studies

The most studied activities involve antibacterial and anticancer uses. The stem bark was the most explored and considered the most active part of Erythrina genus plants, followed by leaves, twigs, root bark, and seeds.

Dosages from Specific Published Studies

• Human clinical trial (dental anxiety): 30 healthy volunteers received either 500 mg of E. mulungu (Mulungu Matusa®) or 500 mg of placebo, orally, one hour before the surgical procedure.
• Animal anxiolytic studies (oral, rodents): Acute treatment used doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg body weight; chronic treatment used 50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight of a water-alcohol extract of E. velutina (7:3 ratio; plant-ground stem bark).
• Anxiolytic comparison with diazepam: A hydroalcoholic extract of mulungu inflorescences was administered orally at acute doses of 100, 200, and 400 mg/kg in animal models.
• Isolated alkaloid (erysothrine), anticonvulsant, in vitro: Erysothrine concentrations of 0.001–10 µg/mL were tested in preliminary neurochemistry assays.
• Nicotinic receptor inhibition, in vitro: (+)-Erythravine and (+)-11α-hydroxyerythravine had IC₅₀ values of 6 µM and 5 µM for α7* receptors, and 13 nM and 4 nM for α4β2 receptors, respectively.
• Lectin antimicrobial activity: Minimum inhibitory concentrations of E. senegalensis lectin ranged between 50 and 400 µg/mL against tested pathogens.
• Antiproliferative (E. sigmoidea bark methanol extract): The methanol extract of the bark displayed IC₅₀ values ranging from 18.50 µg/mL (towards CCRF-CEM leukemia cells) to 45 µg/mL (towards glioblastoma U87MG cells).

No standardized therapeutic dosage for human use has been established by any pharmacopeia, regulatory agency, or systematic clinical review as of the available literature.

8. Safety Considerations and Toxicology

Curare-Like Neuromuscular Toxicity

A variety of unique, complex alkaloids are found in the various species of Erythrina. The alkaloids are present in all parts of the plant, but especially in the flowers and seeds. All the alkaloids have toxic effects when ingested and primarily produce a curare-like effect, causing paralysis. Alkaloids with curare-like activity are present in plants of the fabaceous genus Erythrina. For full paralytic activity, administration must be parenteral, as gastrointestinal absorption of the curare-type activity is reportedly ineffective by this route.

The toxicity of the metabolites contained in Erythrina genus plants was not commonly reported in formal studies. However, an early report by Unna and Greslin explained that erythroidine, an alkaloid isolated from Erythrina americana Mill., and other alkaloids (9-erythroidine, erythramine, erythraline, and erythratine) revealed a curarizing effect similar to that of crude seed extracts.

Erythrina species are rich in tetracyclic alkaloids with curare-like activity, inducing muscle paralysis. The colorful red seeds are a potential hazard to children and animals that might chew and swallow them. Animals that have consumed the seeds or flowers of Erythrina can be anticipated to develop a curare-like paralysis that would manifest clinically as muscle weakness and paralysis.

Organ Toxicity in Animal Studies

A sub-chronic toxicity study of the methanol extract of E. variegata leaves on male Wistar rats revealed slight changes in hematological parameters that were within normal range, except for BUN and SGPT. Histopathological examination indicated increased damage to liver and kidney cells; however, doses of 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg body weight did not cause clinically definitive toxicity in animal models.

Scarcity of Formal Toxicology and Clinical Safety Data

The toxicity and clinical studies of Erythrina genus plants are limitedly reported. There are very limited toxicity studies on Erythrina genus plants in the peer-reviewed literature. Clinical trials that evaluate the efficacy and safety of extracts and isolated compounds are recommended.

Drug Interactions

Considering that extensive caution should be taken when prescribing botanical drugs for patients concurrently taking a narrow therapeutic window drug, formal interaction studies of the Erythrina genus have not recorded interactions, indicating the safety of the studied plants in this limited context. However, given the documented CNS depressant and nicotinic receptor antagonist properties of erythrinan alkaloids, co-administration with other CNS-active agents — including benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and other sedatives — represents a theoretical interaction concern that has not been formally evaluated in humans.

Alkaloid Transfer via Lactation

The alkaloids are passed through the milk of animals that chew and eat the seeds, raising a concern for lactating individuals who consume preparations of high alkaloid content, though no human clinical data characterize this risk.

References

• Therapeutic Potential of Erythrina Genus: Bioactive Phytoconstituents with Potent Antiviral and Antimicrobial Activities — PMC
• The genus Erythrina L.: A review on its alkaloids, preclinical, and clinical studies — PubMed
• Pharmacology activity, toxicity, and clinical trials of Erythrina genus plants (Fabaceae): an evidence-based review — PMC / Frontiers in Pharmacology
• Erythrina velutina Willd.: A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry, pharmacology, and toxicology — PubMed
• Traditional Medicinal Uses, Phytoconstituents, Bioactivities, and Toxicities of Erythrina abyssinica Lam. ex DC. (Fabaceae): A Systematic Review — PMC
• Ethnopharmacological uses of Erythrina senegalensis: a comparison of three areas in Mali — PMC
• Erythrina mulungu Alkaloids Are Potent Inhibitors of Neuronal Nicotinic Receptor Currents in Mammalian Cells — PMC / PLOS ONE
• New insights in the mode of action of (+)-erythravine and (+)-11α-hydroxy-erythravine alkaloids — ScienceDirect / European Journal of Pharmacology
• Erysothrine, an alkaloid extracted from flowers of Erythrina mulungu Mart. ex Benth: evaluating its anticonvulsant and anxiolytic potential — PubMed
• Effect of Erythrina velutina and Erythrina mulungu in rats submitted to animal models of anxiety and depression — PubMed
• Effect of Erythrina mulungu on anxiety during extraction of third molars — PMC
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• Promising Antioxidant Activity of Erythrina Genus: An Alternative Treatment for Inflammatory Pain? — PMC
• Investigation into the Sleep-Promoting Effects of Passionflower, Chamomile and Mulungu (Erythrina spp.) in Brazil — MDPI
• Erythrina species: Coral tree — International Veterinary Information Service
• Erythrina Alkaloid — ScienceDirect Topics Overview
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• A comprehensive review on Erythrina indica — ScienceDirect
• Erythrina abyssinica — PlantZAfrica, South African National Biodiversity Institute (SANBI)
• Erythrina — Wikipedia (botanical overview)