Streptomyces cellulosae

Other Names

Actinomyces cellulosaeStreptomyces cellulosae (Krainsky) Waksman and HenriciStreptomyces cellulosi

Synopsis

Streptomyces cellulosae: An Encyclopedic Reference

1. Identity and Taxonomy

1.1 Scientific Classification and Nomenclature

Streptomyces cellulosae is a Gram-positive, filamentous, spore-forming bacterium belonging to the genus Streptomyces, the largest and best-studied genus within the phylum Actinobacteria (formerly Actinomycetes). It is a bacterium species from the genus of Streptomyces which has been isolated from garden soil. The species has been assigned several strain designations across research groups, including ATCC 12625, KCCS0127, NBRC 13027^T, WHX1301, TES17, VJDS-1, and Actino 48, reflecting independent environmental isolations across different countries and substrates.

Streptomyces are Gram-positive, filamentous, spore-forming bacteria that are members of the phylum Actinobacteria. The genus name was formally created in the early twentieth century by Selman Waksman: the new genus name, Streptomyces, was actually created by Dr. Waksman himself when working together with Dr. Arthur T. Henrici during a former realignment of the official names of the actinomycetes.

1.2 Natural Habitat and Common Sources

Streptomyces are present in almost all environments, from deep sea to high mountains. For S. cellulosae specifically, strains have been reported from diverse ecological niches: garden soil (type strain), mangrove soil of Nizampatnam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, rhizosphere soils of tea plantations (Camellia sinensis), and rhizosphere soil associated with Panax notoginseng in Yunnan Province, China. The species thus represents a globally distributed soil-dwelling actinomycete.

1.3 Common Preparations and Forms

S. cellulosae does not exist as a standalone commercially standardised dietary supplement in the manner of vitamins or herbal extracts. Research and nascent applications have used the organism in several forms:

Crude ethyl acetate extracts of fermentation broth, used in the majority of antimicrobial and antioxidant laboratory studies.
Talc-based bioformulations containing culture broth, cell-free supernatant, or cell pellet suspensions, developed for agricultural biocontrol applications. Three talc-based formulations with culture broth, cell-free supernatant, and cell pellet suspension of chitinase-producing Actino 48 were characterized using SEM, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and a particle size analyzer.
Resting cell preparations, used in biotransformation studies to convert substrate molecules enzymatically.
Fermentation-derived isolated compounds (e.g., purified fungichromin, angucyclinones, rabelomycin), produced for in vitro assay work rather than consumer use.

No pharmacopoeial monograph (USP, European Pharmacopoeia, WHO monograph, German Commission E, or ESCOP) has been published specifically for S. cellulosae as a dietary supplement ingredient, and no regulatory body (FDA, EFSA, EMA, or Health Canada) has issued a specific approval or classification of this organism as a dietary supplement per se.

2. Historical and Traditional Context

2.1 Broader Context of Streptomyces in Scientific History

Streptomyces cellulosae does not have a documented history of traditional use by any culture prior to modern microbiology. As a soil bacterium with no macroscopic presence or known organoleptic properties, it was not part of folk medicine systems. Its history is entirely one of modern laboratory science, beginning in the mid-twentieth century in the context of the golden era of antibiotic discovery.

Selman Waksman and colleagues at Rutgers University sought to make systematic what Alexander Fleming found by serendipity: a procedure for studying the ability of extracts from soil-dwelling bacteria to inhibit pathogenic bacteria, now referred to as the Waksman platform. As early as 1940 this approach identified a soil actinomycete that produced a compound capable of killing E. coli. In 1943, Waksman and his students isolated streptomycin from the soil bacterium Streptomyces griseus, demonstrating its effectiveness against Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis. This systematic programme of soil screening brought Streptomyces species — including eventually S. cellulosae — into scientific attention.

Historically, the genus Streptomyces is renowned as the source of many clinically important antibiotics, including streptomycin, tetracycline, and chloramphenicol. These compounds belong to the group of antibiotics, antifungals, and anticancer agents, accounting for about 80% of naturally derived antibiotics in use today. Recent studies have identified over 279 new bioactive compounds from Streptomyces between 2015 and 2020, highlighting its ongoing relevance in combating antibiotic resistance and emerging diseases.

2.2 Research History of S. cellulosae Specifically

Documented scientific investigation of S. cellulosae began in earnest in the 1970s and 1980s with studies on its beta-lactamase enzyme and its production of the polyene macrolide antibiotic fungichromin. Streptomyces cellulosae produces fungichromin. Biosynthetic studies of fungichromin were published in the Journal of the American Chemical Society by Harrison, Noguchi, and Vederas in 1986, establishing the isotopic incorporation pathways of this compound. A 1989 study in The Journal of Antibiotics by Li, Rawlings, Harrison, and Vederas examined the "production of new polyene antibiotics by Streptomyces cellulosae after addition of ethyl (Z)-16-phenylhexadec-9-enoate." Interest in the species expanded in the 2010s and 2020s as researchers screened diverse soil habitats for novel bioactive producers, isolating new strains from tea rhizospheres, mangrove sediments, and root-associated soils.

3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds

3.1 Fungichromin (Pentamycin)

The most thoroughly studied compound produced by S. cellulosae is fungichromin, also known by the synonyms pentamycin, cogomycin, and lagosin. Fungichromin, also known as pentamycin, is a polyene macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces species, characterized by a large macrocyclic lactone ring with conjugated double bonds and multiple hydroxyl groups.

Under experimental manipulation, S. cellulosae ATCC 12625 can be induced to produce additional polyene variants. Ethyl (Z)-16-phenylhexadec-9-enoate, an analog of ethyl oleate, was synthesized and added to cultures of Streptomyces cellulosae ATCC 12625, which normally produce fungichromin as the principal polyene antibiotic. These cultures showed drastic reduction of fungichromin biosynthesis but afforded four new polyene antibiotics with a truncated four-carbon side chain, designated as isochainin, 14-hydroxyisochainin, 1'-hydroxyisochainin, and 1',14-dihydroxyisochainin.

3.2 Beta-Lactamase Enzyme

S. cellulosae has been documented as a producer of a beta-lactamase enzyme, which has been the subject of molecular characterisation studies. The nucleotide sequence of the beta-lactamase-encoding gene, bla, from Streptomyces cellulosae KCCS0127 was determined. The deduced amino acid sequence was very close to that of class-A Bla, especially those from Streptomyces species, but completely different from class-D Bla. This is contrary to the result expected from its substrate specificity and its property of binding blue dextran and NADP+.

3.3 Angucyclinone Compounds (Rabelomycin and Dehydrorabelomycin)

A strain closely related to S. cellulosae NBRC 13027^T, isolated from rhizosphere soil of Panax notoginseng in Yunnan, China, was found to produce angucyclinone-class compounds. Actinomycete strain YIM PH20352, isolated from the rhizosphere soil sample of Panax notoginseng collected in WenShang, Yunnan Province, China, exhibited antifungal activity against some phytopathogenic fungi. The structures of bioactive molecules, isolated from the ethyl acetate extract of the fermentation broth of the strain, were identified as rabelomycin (1) and dehydrorabelomycin (2) based on extensive spectroscopic analyses.

3.4 Phenolic Compounds

Strain TES17, isolated from the rhizosphere of Camellia sinensis in India, produces a suite of phenolic compounds. UPLC analysis of extract of S. cellulosae strain TES17, isolated from tea rhizosphere, revealed that among nine phenolic compounds — namely catechin, epicatechin, quercetin, and kaempferol (flavonoids); gallic acid, caffeic acid, and coumaric acid (phenolic acids); and umbelliferone (coumarin) — catechins were the principal phenolic compounds.

3.5 Cholesterol-Derived Metabolites

Strain WHX1301 of S. cellulosae was demonstrated to biotransform cholesterol into oxygenated steroidal derivatives. The major product was 2,7-dihydroxycholesterol, and the by-products were 7-hydroxycholestane-3,5-diene and cholesterane-3,5-diene. Fortunately, 2,7-dihydroxycholesterol has inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase with a 34.8% inhibition rate at a concentration of 20 μg/mL.

3.6 Chitinase Enzyme

Of ten actinobacterial isolates, Streptomyces cellulosae Actino 48 exhibited the strongest suppression of Sclerotium rolfsii mycelium growth and the highest chitinase enzyme production (49.2 U L⁻¹ min⁻¹). Chitinase degrades chitin, a key structural polysaccharide in fungal cell walls, making it relevant to antifungal activity.

4. Established Mechanisms of Action

4.1 Polyene Membrane Disruption (Fungichromin)

Fungichromin belongs to the class of polyene macrolide antibiotics, whose antifungal mechanism is well characterised across the class. It exerts antifungal activity by binding to ergosterol in fungal cell membranes, disrupting membrane integrity and causing ion leakage and cell death. This mechanism is shared with related polyene macrolides such as amphotericin B: the mechanism of action is, at least in part, dependent upon its binding to a sterol moiety, primarily ergosterol (the primary sterol found in fungal cell membranes). Once this interaction occurs, the polyenes appear to form pores or channels in the fungal cell membrane, which results in an increase of permeability of the membrane and the leakage of a variety of small molecules such as potassium and other ion and solute components out of the cell. This disruption in membrane integrity ultimately leads to cell death.

Fungichromin shows selective toxicity toward fungal cells and is used in both agricultural and medical applications for controlling fungal infections.

4.2 Cell Wall Degradation via Chitinase

The chitinase enzyme produced by S. cellulosae Actino 48 degrades the chitin polymers of fungal cell walls, causing structural deterioration. The interaction between Actino 48 and S. rolfsii was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM), which revealed many abnormalities, malformations, and injuries of the hypha, with large loss of S. rolfsii mycelia density and mass.

4.3 Free Radical Scavenging (Phenolic Compounds)

The phenolic compounds produced by strain TES17 — catechins, flavonoids, and phenolic acids — exert antioxidant activity through their ability to donate hydrogen atoms and neutralise free radicals, as measured across multiple in vitro radical-scavenging assays. The antioxidant capacity of the extract was well correlated with its TPC and TFC, and this in turn was in keeping with the UPLC analysis which also revealed the presence of phenolic compounds responsible for the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of S. cellulosae strain TES17.

4.4 Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition

Xanthine oxidase (XO) is an essential enzyme in purine metabolism, catalyzing the oxidation of hypoxanthine to xanthine and then to uric acid. The hyperactivity of xanthine oxidase is associated with hyperuricemia and gout, necessitating effective inhibitors. The S. cellulosae-derived compound 2,7-dihydroxycholesterol inhibited this enzyme in vitro, suggesting a potential avenue for modulating purine metabolism.

4.5 Beta-Lactamase Activity

S. cellulosae produces a class A beta-lactamase. The ecological function of beta-lactamase production in Streptomyces species is understood as a self-resistance mechanism. Most antibiotic biosynthesis gene clusters in actinobacteria contain genes for intrinsic self-resistance to the produced antibiotics, and it has been proposed that the antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria originated in antibiotic-producing microorganisms.

5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Application

5.1 Antifungal Activity

Evidence quality: Preliminary — in vitro and plant-model studies only; no human clinical data.

Indupalli et al. (2015) concluded that S. cellulosae crude ethyl acetate extract has potential antimicrobial activities against a wide range of bacteria and fungi. In vitro agar plug diffusion assays have demonstrated inhibition of fungal growth. The angucyclinone compounds rabelomycin and dehydrorabelomycin isolated from a closely related strain exhibited quantified antifungal activity: compound 1 (rabelomycin) exhibited antifungal activity against four tested root-rot pathogens of Panax notoginseng — including Plectosphaerella cucumerina, Alternaria panax, Fusarium oxysporum, and Fusarium solani — with MIC values at 32, 64, 128, and 128 μg/mL, respectively. Compound 2 (dehydrorabelomycin) exhibited antifungal activity against F. oxysporum, P. cucumerina, F. solani, and A. panax with MIC values at 64, 64, 128, and 128 μg/mL, respectively.

For agricultural biocontrol, the chitinase-producing strain Actino 48 was tested under greenhouse and open-field conditions. The talc-based culture broth formulation was the most effective soil treatment, decreasing the percentage of peanut diseases under greenhouse and open-field conditions during two successive seasons. The culture broth formulation showed the highest increase in the dry weight of peanut shoots, root systems, and yielded pods. Furthermore, the transcriptional levels of three defense-related genes (PR-1, PR-3, and POD) were elevated in the culture broth formulation treatment compared with other formulations.

No human clinical trials evaluating the antifungal effects of S. cellulosae preparations have been identified in the peer-reviewed literature. All antifungal evidence remains in vitro or agricultural/model-plant level.

5.2 Antibacterial Activity

Evidence quality: Preliminary — in vitro studies only; no human clinical data.

The metabolites of Streptomyces cellulosae VJDS-1, isolated from mangrove soil of Nizampatnam, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India, had reported antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive organisms (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus megaterium), Gram-negative bacteria (Xanthomonas campestris, P. aeruginosa, and E. coli), and fungi (Aspergillus niger, C. albicans, F. solani, and F. oxysporum).

In agar plug diffusion assays, S. cellulosae significantly inhibited the growth of P. aeruginosa. Optimum antimicrobial metabolite production was strain- and condition-dependent: the capacity of Streptomyces cultures to produce bioactive metabolites is a variable feature that may be considerably enhanced or entirely lost depending on the nutrient availability and growth conditions. All antibacterial data for S. cellulosae is derived from in vitro disc-diffusion or broth dilution assays; no animal infection models or human studies have been conducted for this specific species.

5.3 Antioxidant Activity and Chemoprotection

Evidence quality: Preliminary — in vitro cell-free and cell-based assays only; no human clinical data.

A 2018 peer-reviewed study published in BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (PMID 29523107) examined the antioxidant and cytotoxic potential of the extract of strain TES17 isolated from the rhizosphere of Camellia sinensis in India. Various in vitro assays were employed to assess the antioxidant potential of the strain; DNA protective activity was demonstrated using a DNA nicking assay and cytotoxicity of the extract was evaluated using the MTT assay. The extract of Streptomyces cellulosae strain TES17 demonstrated significant antioxidant activity with percentage inhibition of 78.47 ± 0.23, 91.08 ± 0.98 and 82.08 ± 0.93 for DPPH, ABTS and superoxide radical assays at 5 mg/mL, respectively. Total antioxidant and reducing power were found to be 76.93 ± 0.76 and 231.96 ± 0.51 mg AAE/100 mg of dry extract, respectively.

Moreover, the extract was shown to inhibit lipid peroxidation up to 67.18 ± 1.9% at 5 mg/mL. TPC and TFC measured in the extract were 55 mg GAE/100 mg and 11.17 ± 4.05 mg rutin/100 mg, respectively.

DNA protective activity was also observed: the protective nature of the TES17 extract to oxidative stress-induced damaged DNA was shown by percentage of supercoiled DNA, i.e., Form I, which was increased from 26.38 to 38.20% at concentrations ranging from 2 μg to 10 μg.

These are in vitro findings using cell-free biochemical assays and cultured cell systems. Their relevance to in vivo antioxidant activity in humans cannot be assumed without pharmacokinetic data and clinical trials, neither of which has been conducted for this species.

5.4 Anticancer / Cytotoxic Activity

Evidence quality: Preliminary — in vitro cell-line studies only; no animal studies or human clinical data specific to S. cellulosae.

The same TES17 strain study assessed cytotoxic potential against human cancer cell lines using the MTT assay. TES17 extract also showed cytotoxic activity against the lung cancer cell line (A549) with 74.7 ± 1.33% inhibition, whereas limited toxicity was observed against a normal cell line, with percentage viability of 87.71 ± 6.66 at the same concentration (30 μg/mL) tested. This study investigated the specificity of TES17 extract, which revealed that the extract was highly toxic to the A549 lung cancer cell line (25.3 ± 1.52 to 22.72 ± 0.34% viable cells) compared to the normal cell line (87.71 ± 6.66 to 85.41 ± 3.14% viable cells).

This selective cytotoxicity in vitro is an early-stage finding and provides a basis for further mechanistic investigation, but does not constitute evidence of clinical anticancer efficacy. The compounds responsible for cytotoxicity were identified as the phenolic fraction (catechins, quercetin, kaempferol, gallic acid, caffeic acid, coumaric acid, umbelliferone, catechin, and epicatechin) identified by UPLC.

5.5 Xanthine Oxidase Inhibition (Potential Relevance to Gout/Hyperuricemia)

Evidence quality: Very preliminary — single in vitro study; no human clinical data.

A 2023 study published in Heliyon (PMID 36915485) reported that S. cellulosae WHX1301 biotransformed cholesterol to yield 2,7-dihydroxycholesterol. Using the resting cells of Streptomyces cellulosae WHX1301 to transform cholesterol, the product yield can reach 76%. This paper is the first report regarding the microbial transformation of steroids by Streptomyces cellulosae. Fortunately, 2,7-dihydroxycholesterol has inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase with a 34.8% inhibition rate at a concentration of 20 μg/mL. However, in this paper, it is only a preliminary study on the transformation products, and the mechanism is not involved. No further in vivo or clinical data on this property have been identified.

5.6 Plant Disease Biocontrol

Evidence quality: Moderate for agricultural contexts — includes greenhouse and open-field trials; not applicable to human health per se.

The most developed application of S. cellulosae to date is agricultural biocontrol. Strain Actino 48 was evaluated as a biocontrol agent in both greenhouse and field conditions against peanut soil-borne diseases caused by Sclerotium rolfsii. The bio-friendly talc-based culture broth formulation of chitinase-producing Actino 48 could potentially be used as a biocontrol agent for controlling peanut soil-borne diseases caused by S. rolfsii. This represents the most practically advanced use-case documented in peer-reviewed literature for this species, though it pertains to agricultural, not human health, applications.

6. Body Systems and Health Areas of Association

Based on the peer-reviewed experimental data identified, S. cellulosae and its metabolites are associated — at the in vitro or preliminary level — with the following biological areas:

Immune and anti-infective systems: Production of antibacterial and antifungal metabolites active against a range of pathogens including S. aureus, P. aeruginosa, E. coli, Candida albicans, and various filamentous fungi.
Antioxidant / redox biology: Phenolic metabolites from strain TES17 scavenge DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radicals, inhibit lipid peroxidation, and protect DNA from oxidative nicking in vitro.
Oncology (in vitro only): Selective cytotoxic effects of TES17 extract against the A549 lung cancer cell line, with relative sparing of a normal cell line at 30 μg/mL.
Purine metabolism / uric acid: The cholesterol biotransformation product 2,7-dihydroxycholesterol inhibited xanthine oxidase at 20 μg/mL in vitro, suggesting theoretical relevance to hyperuricemia research.
Agricultural / plant health: Multiple studies document antifungal biocontrol of soil-borne plant pathogens via chitinase production and antibiotic metabolites.

At present, Streptomyces accounts for 70–80% of relevant bioactive metabolites produced by more than 500 species, with diverse biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anticancer, anti-inflammatory and anti-parasitic. S. cellulosae is one of the less extensively studied species within this broad genus, and the above areas of association remain research-stage rather than clinically validated.

7. Dosage Forms and Concentrations Reported in Studies

The following dosages, concentrations, and preparations are reported directly from primary research publications. They apply to laboratory, not clinical, settings, and no standardised human dosage has been established.

Antioxidant assays (TES17 strain): Crude extract concentrations of 0.5–5 mg/mL were tested in DPPH, ABTS, and superoxide radical scavenging assays. Varying concentrations (0.5–5 mg/mL) of TES17 extract were mixed with freshly prepared 0.002% (w/v) DPPH in methanol.
Cytotoxicity / MTT assay (TES17 strain, lung cancer cell line A549): TES17 extract showed cytotoxic activity against the lung cancer cell line with 74.7 ± 1.33% inhibition, with limited toxicity against the normal cell line (percentage viability of 87.71 ± 6.66) at the same concentration of 30 μg/mL.
DNA protection assay (TES17 strain): Concentrations ranging from 2 μg to 10 μg were evaluated for protection of supercoiled DNA (Form I) against oxidative nicking.
Xanthine oxidase inhibition (WHX1301 strain): 2,7-Dihydroxycholesterol demonstrated inhibitory activity against xanthine oxidase with a 34.8% inhibition rate at a concentration of 20 μg/mL.
Angucyclinone antifungal MIC values: Rabelomycin (compound 1) exhibited antifungal activity against phytopathogenic fungi with MIC values at 32, 64, 128, and 128 μg/mL.
Cholesterol biotransformation yield (WHX1301 strain): Using the resting cells of Streptomyces cellulosae WHX1301 to transform cholesterol, the product yield can reach 76%.
Agricultural biocontrol: Talc-based formulations of culture broth, cell-free supernatant, and cell pellet suspension were applied under greenhouse and open-field conditions; specific concentrations are reported in the full Abdel-Gayed et al. (PMC7996487) study.

8. Safety Considerations and Interactions

8.1 Absence of Human Safety Data

There are no published human clinical trials, pharmacokinetic studies, or systematic toxicology assessments for S. cellulosae whole-organism preparations or isolated metabolites used as dietary supplements in humans. Streptomyces cellulosae has not been extensively studied, so its long-term effects are unknown. The existing in vitro evidence cannot be extrapolated to conclusions about human safety or tolerability without supporting in vivo and clinical data.

8.2 Beta-Lactamase Production: Potential Interaction with Beta-Lactam Antibiotics

A pharmacologically relevant feature of S. cellulosae is its genomically documented production of a class A beta-lactamase. The nucleotide sequence of the beta-lactamase-encoding gene, bla, from Streptomyces cellulosae KCCS0127 was determined. If live organisms or their enzyme-containing preparations were to reach the human gastrointestinal tract, the theoretical possibility exists of enzymatic inactivation of co-administered beta-lactam antibiotics (e.g., penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems) in the gut lumen. This is a mechanistically plausible concern but has not been studied clinically for S. cellulosae specifically.

8.3 Antibiotic Resistance Considerations

Most antibiotic biosynthesis gene clusters in actinobacteria contain genes for intrinsic self-resistance to the produced antibiotics, and it has been proposed that the antibiotic resistance genes in pathogenic bacteria originated in antibiotic-producing microorganisms. The presence of antibiotic resistance genes in S. cellulosae raises theoretical concerns in the context of horizontal gene transfer, though this has not been assessed specifically for this species in the context of probiotic or supplement use.

8.4 Agricultural vs. Human Safety Regulatory Context

Regulatory approval for the use of Streptomyces-based biocontrol agents can be a lengthy and costly process. Ensuring that these agents meet safety and efficacy standards is essential but can impede their widespread adoption. For the success of development of a microbial biomass product, it is critical that the isolated microorganisms must be generally regarded as safe (GRAS) for animals and humans. No GRAS designation or equivalent from any regulatory authority has been identified for S. cellulosae specifically as of the available literature.

8.5 In Vitro Cytotoxicity Selectivity

The TES17 strain extract showed selective cytotoxicity toward cancer cells over normal cells at 30 μg/mL in vitro. However, this selectivity in cell-culture systems does not constitute evidence of systemic safety in humans. Many compounds with apparent in vitro selectivity fail to demonstrate the same selectivity in vivo due to differences in pharmacokinetics, tissue distribution, and metabolism.

8.6 Environmental Resistance Concerns

Just as with chemical pesticides, there is a risk of pathogens developing resistance to Streptomyces-based biocontrol agents. The rapid evolution of resistance can render these agents ineffective over time, necessitating the development of new strains or strategies. While this concern pertains primarily to agricultural applications, the broad-spectrum antibiotic-producing capability of the organism warrants consideration in any human use scenario.

9. Summary and State of Evidence

Streptomyces cellulosae is a scientifically characterised soil bacterium with a documented capacity to produce biologically active secondary metabolites — most notably the polyene macrolide antibiotic fungichromin, angucyclinone antifungal compounds (rabelomycin), antioxidant phenolics (catechins and related compounds), chitinase enzyme, and cholesterol-derived xanthine oxidase inhibitors. Its metabolites display meaningful in vitro activity across antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic assay systems. Its most developed practical application is agricultural biocontrol of soil-borne fungal pathogens.

However, the entire body of evidence for putative health-relevant properties is limited to in vitro biochemical assays, microbiological inhibition assays, and one agricultural greenhouse/field trial. There are very limited studies on Streptomyces with respect to phenolic compounds as antioxidants, and research on S. cellulosae specifically is even more restricted. No human clinical trials, controlled animal pharmacology studies, or toxicological characterisations of the organism or its isolated compounds as dietary supplement preparations have been identified. The evidence base, while interesting from a natural products chemistry perspective, does not currently support conclusions about efficacy or safety for human supplementation purposes.

References

Health Conditions

Health conditions that Streptomyces cellulosae may help support.

No conditions available.

Body Systems

Body systems that Streptomyces cellulosae may help support.

No body systems available.