IngredientsHaliotis (Linnaeus, 1758) is the sole genus in the family Haliotidae, a group of primitive marine gastropod molluscs commonly known as abalone. Abalone are sea snails in the genus Haliotis, the only genus in the family Haliotidae. The name Haliotis derives from Greek and Latin roots meaning "sea ear," a reference to the organism's distinctive shell morphology. Abalones are members of a large class (Gastropoda) of molluscs having one-piece shells; they belong to the family Haliotidae and the genus Haliotis, which means sea ear, referring to the flattened shape of the shell.
Abalone are globally distributed, with approximately 70 known species alive today. Other common names include ear shells, sea ears, and, rarely, muttonfish or muttonshells in parts of Australia; ormer in the UK; perlemoen in South Africa; and the Māori name for three species in New Zealand is pāua.
The species most commonly associated with food and medicinal use include:
According to a survey of commercial medicinal materials in China, shells of abalone or sea-ear used medicinally consist of nine types, with original animals including Haliotis diversicolor, H. discus hannai, H. ovina, H. asinia, H. ruber, H. laevigata, H. semistrata, H. midae, and H. cracherodii.
As a dietary supplement and natural ingredient, Haliotis material is sourced from three distinct anatomical parts:
Abalone shells are distinctive for their flattened, ear-like shape, nacreous interior, and row of holes used for respiration; the flesh of abalone is widely considered to be a delicacy, and is consumed raw or cooked in a variety of cuisines.
For thousands of years, different cultures have used abalone as a traditional functional food believing consumption provides health benefits. Archaeological evidence demonstrates extraordinarily ancient human exploitation of this species. Human use of red abalone dates to prehistoric times, with shells found in Channel Island archaeological sites dated to between 11,500 and 12,000 years before present.
For over 10,000 years, black abalone (Haliotis cracherodii) were an important resource in southern California, first for coastal Native Americans, then beginning in the nineteenth century as one of the state's first commercial shellfisheries. Red abalone shells are abundant in Chumash middens (refuse deposits) of the Northern Channel Islands dated between about 7,500 and 3,300 years ago.
Abalone has been an important staple in a number of Indigenous cultures around the world, specifically in Africa and on the Northwest American coast; the meat is a traditional food, and the shell is used to make ornaments, and historically the shells were also used as currency in some communities.
The abalone shell holds a prominent and well-documented place in Traditional Chinese Medicine, where it is known as Shi Jue Ming (石决明). Shi Jue Ming roughly translates as "Stone Sense Brightness," with "Shi" meaning stone, "Jue" meaning sense or feel, and "Ming" meaning brightness or clarity; the name reflects the visual qualities and perceived benefits of abalone shell in TCM, particularly for promoting eye health and clarity of vision.
Throughout history, abalone shell has been an important ingredient in many TCM formulations, Korean traditional Hanbang medicine, and Japanese Kampo medicines.
The classical TCM indications for Shi Jue Ming (abalone shell) include:
Historically, abalone shells (known as Shi Jue Ming in TCM) have been used for their purported cooling and calming properties, and ancient remedies often involved grinding the shell into a fine powder to address ailments such as eye disorders, headaches, and dizziness. The mineral-rich composition of abalone shell — containing calcium, magnesium, and trace elements — was believed to support eye health, reduce inflammation, and strengthen bones.
In addition to its use as a single ingredient, abalone is frequently found in herbal combinations; in TCM, abalone shell is often paired with herbs like chrysanthemum, rehmannia, and wolfberry to enhance its effects in formulas designed to nourish the liver, clear heat, and improve vision.
The TCM temperature and flavour classification of the shell is described in classical literature as cold and salty, and it is contraindicated in cases of stomach cold and digestive weakness. Historically, abalone has been consumed to support eye and liver health, enhance vitality, and promote general well-being, with many traditional remedies citing it as a nourishing tonic.
Abalone meat is one of the most precious commodities in Asian markets, where it is considered a culinary delicacy. Abalones are largely cultivated and used as valuable food resources in East Asian countries; in Korea, not only the protein-rich body part of abalone but also the viscera portion is taken in the form of sashimi or pickle and used as stamina food from ancient times.
Abalone have been used as a food source by humans for thousands of years and are considered a delicacy or luxury item in Latin America (particularly Chile), France, New Zealand, East Asia, and Southeast Asia; in Japan, live and raw abalones are used in awabi sushi, or served steamed, salted, boiled, chopped, or simmered in soy sauce.
The traditional female divers of Korea's Jeju Island, known as haenyeo, have harvested abalone by free-diving for centuries. Over the last three centuries, hundreds of these women have died in their efforts to capture abalone when diving into the cold waters at their island intersection between the Korea Strait, the Yellow Sea, and the South China Sea.
Recent research has revealed that abalone is composed of many vital moieties like polysaccharides, proteins, and fatty acids that provide health benefits beyond basic nutrition. A plethora of bioactives have been isolated from the meat, blood, and shell of commercially viable abalone species; these compounds typically demonstrate antioxidant, antiaging, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, or anticancer activities.
Claims can be supported by the discovery of sulphated polysaccharides with antioxidative, antibacterial, anticoagulative or immunomodulating properties, in shell or visceral extracts of Haliotidae species. Key polysaccharide fractions studied include:
The body and visceral extracts contain peptides with antimicrobial, antioxidative, antitumor, and antihypertensive activities. Many studies have shown that abalone is rich in peptides, polysaccharides, free amino acids, fatty acids, and other active ingredients, and these active substances have anticoagulation, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, and hypoglycemic effects.
The development of peptides with bioactivity like angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitory (ACEi) and antioxidant properties is of great significance for chronic disease management and drug discovery. A total of 1,937 peptide sequences have been obtained from highly bioactive components after separation and peptidomic analysis; through virtual screening and molecular docking, 14 peptides exhibiting ACEi activity were identified and synthesized for experimental verification, with IC₅₀ values ranging from 0.05 to 0.54 mg/mL.
One notable peptide from H. discus hannai, KVEPQDPSEW (AATP), has been characterized in vitro: this peptide effectively inhibited MMPs by blocking MAPKs and NF-κB pathways, leading to the downregulation of metastasis of tumor cells; moreover, AATP significantly inhibited vasculogenic mimicry and pro-angiogenic factors, including VEGF and MMPs, by suppression of AKT/mTOR signaling.
Abalone provides a good source of vitamin E (alpha tocopherol), thiamin, vitamin B12, iron, magnesium and phosphorus, and a very good source of protein, vitamin K, pantothenic acid, and selenium. Abalone is a source of high-quality protein, essential amino acids, omega-3 fatty acids, vitamins (such as B12 and E), and minerals including magnesium, selenium, and zinc.
The shells are exceptionally strong and are made of microscopic calcium carbonate tiles stacked like bricks; between the alternating tiles is a clingy protein substance which helps to aid in the animal's defense; when the abalone shell is struck, the tiles slide against each other instead of shattering, and the protein stretches to absorb the energy of the blow.
The nacre (mother-of-pearl) layer contains a water-soluble organic matrix rich in glycoproteins and polysaccharides. The water-soluble matrix (WSM) of nacre exhibits osteoinductive properties in osteoblastic cells, both in vitro and in vivo. The inorganic fraction of the shell is predominantly aragonite (calcium carbonate). The calcium content of the shell is as high as 37%, and it contains various trace elements including magnesium, manganese, strontium, copper, aluminum, iron, zinc, selenium, iodine, and others.
The lipid components, such as phospholipids, in abalone viscera have biological activities similar to those of abalone visceral polysaccharides. Abalone is also a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, including omega-3s, which contribute to its nutritional profile.
Evidence level: In vitro and animal models; no human clinical trials identified.
Abalone, a primitive marine shellfish rich in nutrients with high medicinal value, is an excellent resource for the development of marine bioactive peptides. Multiple research groups have characterized antioxidant mechanisms in abalone-derived materials. Studies have aimed to identify abalone-derived antioxidant peptides with strong Keap1 binding ability and validate their antioxidative activities using a cellular oxidative damage model. Ten abalone-derived peptides with the strongest inhibition against the Keap1–Nrf2 interaction were identified — a mechanistic pathway of considerable interest because the Keap1–Nrf2 axis regulates the cellular antioxidant response.
Regarding visceral polysaccharides and antioxidant effects in animal models: previous studies reported the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of visceral crude polysaccharides of abalone (AVP) and intragastric administration of crude AVP to diabetic mice, finding that AVP could significantly reduce blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and improve abnormal glucose tolerance; furthermore, AVP administration was found to improve SOD and GSH-Px activities and enhance free radical scavenging effects and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in diabetic mice. With an increase in AVP dose, the antioxidant capacity was found to increase; thus, AVP may reduce damage to the islet β cells in the pancreas by scavenging oxygen free radicals and inhibiting lipid oxidation, thereby reducing blood glucose levels in diabetic mice.
Limitation: All antioxidant studies to date are in vitro or in animal (rodent) models. No randomized controlled trials in humans have been published examining abalone-derived antioxidant fractions as supplements.
Evidence level: In vitro enzyme inhibition and in silico modeling; no human clinical trials identified.
Fish and shellfish protein hydrolysates have been extensively studied due to their potential health benefits including antioxidant, antihypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and enzyme inhibition properties; these bioactive protein hydrolysates are specific protein fragments with the ability to impact body functions, and some may exhibit multifunctional properties, thereby indicating that they may be useful as ingredients for functional foods.
In a study characterizing hydrolysates of H. discus hannai, angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory activity was confirmed across multiple hydrolysate fractions, with activity varying with enzyme-to-substrate ratios. ACE inhibition is a well-established mechanism for lowering blood pressure, forming the basis for entire classes of pharmaceutical antihypertensives.
In an animal model using spontaneously hypertensive rats, animals were administered a Fuzi decoction to establish a model of hypertension of the Liver-yang hyperactivity type; following treatment with water extracts of oyster shell, abalone (Haliotis diversicolor) shell, and ark shell, the systolic blood pressure significantly decreased, and the rats' irritability, facial temperature, and conjunctival congestion were notably improved.
Limitation: Antihypertensive effects for abalone-derived compounds have been demonstrated in vitro (ACE inhibition assays) and in animal models. No human studies confirm blood pressure-lowering efficacy from abalone supplementation.
Evidence level: In vitro cell culture and animal models; no human clinical trials identified.
The shell preparation Shi Jue Ming (SJM, derived from Haliotis diversicolor) has been investigated in a rodent burn model. Results revealed that in the in vitro model, the presence of SJM decreased the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression and enhanced the functions of macrophages; results of the rat burn injury model revealed that SJM decreased neutrophil infiltration, promoted wound healing, thus increasing collagen I content and promoting the expression of transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) protein. The researchers speculate that the effect and mechanism of SJM on promoting wound healing is related to macrophage activation; in the inflammation phase, SJM alleviates inflammation by inhibiting iNOS expression and removing neutrophils through phagocytosis; furthermore, SJM induces the secretion of TGF-β1, converting collagen during the tissue remodeling phase.
Anti-allergic properties have also been investigated: a study on a low-molecular-weight digest from abalone viscera of H. discus hannai found that: the preparation (LMW-AV) could inhibit the expression of chemokines and cytokines, and histological analysis indicated that LMW-AV suppressed the eosinophil count and mast cell infiltration into the upper dermis in a mouse model of atopic dermatitis.
Limitation: All anti-inflammatory evidence is preclinical. There are no human clinical trials.
Evidence level: In vitro and animal (mouse) models only; no human clinical trials identified.
A study published in BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies investigated the anti-tumor activity of abalone visceral extract using a mouse breast cancer model. Researchers used a BALB/c mouse-derived 4T1 mammary carcinoma model to investigate the effect of abalone visceral extract on tumor development, and inhibitory effect against tumor metastasis was assessed by histopathology of lungs; Cox-2 production by primary and secondary tumor was measured by real-time RT-PCR and immunoblotting. Reduced expression of Cox-2 (mRNA and protein) from primary tumor and metastasized lung was detected; treatment of abalone visceral extract increased anti-tumor activities of CD8⁺ T cells by increasing their proliferation capacity and cytolytic activity; the authors concluded that abalone visceral extract has anti-tumor effects by suppressing tumor growth and lung metastasis through decreasing Cox-2 expression level as well as promoting proliferation and cytolytic function of CD8⁺ T cells.
At the peptide level, fractions derived from the viscera of H. fulgens and H. corrugata showed cytotoxic activity in cell culture studies: hydrolysate fractions were investigated for their antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities, including the expression of gelatinases MMP-2 and MMP-9 in human prostate cancer cell lines (PC3); results showed antimicrobial activity against multiple bacterial and fungal species; additionally, protein fractions displayed cytotoxic activity, inhibiting 30.4–53.8% of PC3 cellular growth; selected fractions decreased the PMA-induced and not-induced expressions of MMP-2 and MMP-9 in PC3 cells.
Limitation: Anti-tumor data is entirely preclinical (cell lines and mouse models). No clinical trials in humans have been conducted. Although the nutritional importance of abalone has been reported through in vitro and in vivo studies, there is little evidence about the potential anti-tumor effects of abalone visceral extract in humans, and the existing animal data should not be extrapolated to clinical efficacy.
Evidence level: In vitro and animal models only.
Sulfated polysaccharides from Haliotis discus hannai gonad have been characterized for anticoagulant effects. All AGP (abalone gonad polysaccharide) extracts significantly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT), with the strongest effect observed in female AGPs prepared at 50 and 121 °C; the most active fraction is located at 30–300 kDa by ultrafiltration.
The prolongation of APTT and thrombin time in clotting assays suggests interference with the intrinsic coagulation pathway, a mechanism relevant to antithrombotic potential. However, these are in vitro observations, and no human studies on thrombosis risk reduction from abalone supplementation have been reported.
Evidence level: In vitro cell culture studies; limited animal evidence; no human clinical trials identified.
The nacre (mother-of-pearl) component of the abalone shell has attracted scientific interest for its osteoinductive potential. A study using nano-nacre particles from Haliotis diversicolor found: the water-soluble matrix (WSM) of nacre exhibits osteoinductive properties in osteoblastic cells, both in vitro and in vivo; results showed that WSM significantly upregulated key osteogenic genes, including RUNX2, ALP, and OCN, in a dose- and time-dependent manner over 14 days, with fold-changes ranging from 1.6 to 3.6.
In a rodent dental model, abalone shell calcium carbonate was found to suppress NF-κB expression while increasing the expression of TGF-β1 and VEGF-A in pulp tissue, demonstrating bioactive properties conducive to dentin regeneration.
In TCM application, abalone shell contains calcium carbonate, an alkaline buffer that helps ease indigestion; the presence of calcium in abalone shell, along with other minerals such as magnesium and silica, also supports healthy bone growth according to traditional frameworks.
Limitation: Bone-related evidence is confined to cell culture and isolated animal models. No human supplementation trials have been conducted specifically investigating bone mineral density or fracture risk reduction from abalone shell preparations.
Evidence level: Animal model (rats); no human clinical trials identified.
Abalone (Haliotis diversicolor) shell has shown efficacy in accelerating the healing of burn wounds by promoting tissue remodeling, enhancing immune responses, and reducing inflammation in animal studies. In vivo studies further support these findings, showing that abalone shell treatment enhances the expression of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and increases type I collagen content in burn-injured rats, promoting faster recovery and tissue regeneration. Researchers characterized this as the first study applying an evidence-based method to verify that SJM alleviates inflammation, enhances phagocytosis, and triggers wound healing after burn injury, with study findings revealing that SJM provides a promising therapeutic option for treating burn injury — however this conclusion is based solely on animal data.
Evidence level: Animal models only.
In the context of acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl₄), aqueous extracts of abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino, H. ruber, H. laevigata) shells exhibit potent liver-protective effects in rodent models. The mechanisms proposed involve reduction of oxidative stress and inflammatory signaling. No human liver disease trials have been conducted.
Evidence level: Animal (mouse) models only.
As described above under antioxidant mechanisms, AVP (abalone visceral polysaccharide) could significantly reduce the blood glucose levels in diabetic mice and improve abnormal glucose tolerance; furthermore, AVP administration was found to improve SOD and GSH-Px activities and enhance free radical scavenging effects and the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in diabetic mice. No human clinical trials on glycemic control via abalone supplementation have been published.
Based on the compiled scientific and traditional evidence, the following body systems and health areas are associated with Haliotis:
In commercial supplement and medicinal contexts, Haliotis-derived materials appear in the following forms:
Solvent extraction with methanol, ethanol, acetone, n-butanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, or hot water has been used on ground pāua meat or shell powder for research purposes.
There are no established or standardized human clinical dosages for Haliotis dietary supplements, as no controlled human clinical trials with dose-finding designs have been published to date. The following dosages are those reported in preclinical (animal and in vitro) studies only:
No published human supplementation studies have defined effective or safe dosage ranges for any form of Haliotis extract or supplement.
Allergy to abalone is a well-documented clinical concern, particularly in populations with high seafood consumption. A clinical study reported the clinical and immunologic findings in 38 patients with reported immediate and delayed adverse reactions to abalone (Haliotis midae). Twenty-five of the 38 patients were first seen with immediate symptoms, and 13 had delayed reactions.
In a study of 105 South African subjects, the four most common seafood species reported to cause adverse reactions were prawns (46.7%), crayfish (43.8%), abalone (35.2%), and black mussels (33.3%). A Japanese study described 11 individuals who developed moderate to severe anaphylactic reactions following the ingestion of grand keyhole limpet and abalone.
A report of anaphylaxis in adults referred to a Singapore clinic found that ingestion of molluscs (abalone and limpet) was the most common cause of food-related anaphylaxis (11 of 30 cases).
A number of allergenic proteins have been isolated, and two major allergens have been characterized, including a tropomyosin; as in other molluscs, abalone allergens are heat stable. This heat stability is clinically important: cooking does not reliably eliminate allergenicity. Additionally, paramyosin of the disc abalone Haliotis discus discus has been identified as a new allergen with cross-reactivity with tropomyosin.
The calcium carbonate dust created through the grinding and cutting of abalone is a respiratory irritant. This has occupational health implications for workers processing shell material, and potentially for consumers handling shell powders.
PST contamination of Blacklip Abalone (Haliotis rubra rubra) from certain algal species is an established concern, prompting research into toxin uptake in aquaculture settings. No human intoxications have been confirmed to date from abalone consumption, although PST at concentrations exceeding the CODEX maximum limit have been reported in Haliotis species under certain environmental conditions.
Given the demonstrated in vitro anticoagulant activity of abalone gonad polysaccharides — specifically their prolongation of APTT and thrombin time — there is a theoretical basis for additive anticoagulant effects if abalone polysaccharide concentrates were co-administered with anticoagulant drugs (e.g., warfarin, heparin, novel oral anticoagulants). All AGP extracts significantly prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) and thrombin time (TT), with the strongest effect observed in female AGPs prepared at 50 and 121 °C. This interaction has not been studied in humans, but the mechanism is plausible and should be noted for concentrated polysaccharide supplement forms.
Due to shared allergens such as tropomyosin and paramyosin across mollusc and crustacean species, individuals with known allergies to molluscs (oysters, clams, mussels, squid) or crustaceans (shrimp, crab, lobster) may have cross-reactive responses to abalone. One reported patient had also previously experienced bronchial asthma and anaphylaxis due to shrimp; serum-specific IgE was shown for scallop and oyster; skin-specific IgE tests were positive for abalone and for the effluent from washing the abalone shell.
Abalone are critically threatened due to overfishing and the acidification of oceans as lower pH erodes the calcium carbonate in their shells; in the 21st century, white, pink, and green abalone are on the United States federal endangered species list. In many jurisdictions, wild harvesting of abalone is regulated or prohibited, and commercially available products derive predominantly from aquaculture operations.
Marine organisms are increasingly being investigated as sources of bioactive molecules with therapeutic applications as nutraceuticals and pharmaceuticals; nutraceuticals are gaining popularity worldwide owing to their therapeutic potential and incorporation in functional foods and dietary supplements; abalone, a marine gastropod, contains a variety of bioactive compounds with anti-oxidant, anti-thrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities.
However, there is a lack of biochemical or pharmacological data translating these findings into human clinical contexts for most species and preparations. The body of evidence for Haliotis-derived supplements in humans is, as of 2025–2026, entirely preclinical. All demonstrated activities — antioxidant, antihypertensive, anticoagulant, anti-tumor, hepatoprotective, osteoinductive, and anti-inflammatory — have been shown in cell lines, ex vivo assays, or animal models. No randomized controlled human clinical trials have been published establishing efficacy, safety, or optimal dosage for any Haliotis extract, peptide fraction, or shell preparation as a dietary supplement. Traditional use across several major medical traditions (TCM, Kampo, Korean Hanbang) provides historical plausibility, but does not constitute clinical evidence by modern pharmacological standards.
Health conditions that Haliotis may help support.
Sulphated polysaccharides from Haliotis viscera and peptides from Haliotis discus hannai show antioxidant activity in vitro. A 2025 Food Science & Nutrition study identified abalone-derived peptides acting via the Keap1-Nrf2 pathway, a principal cellular antioxidant mechanism.
ACE-inhibitory peptides have been isolated from multiple Haliotis species, and animal studies show fermented abalone viscera significantly reduces systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Water extracts of abalone shell also reduced blood pressure in animal models.
Multiple in vitro and animal studies demonstrate that Haliotis diversicolor shell extract significantly inhibits pro-inflammatory mediators. A BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies study confirmed suppression of iNOS expression in LPS-stimulated macrophages, and in vivo anti-inflammatory effects in burn-injured rats.
A peer-reviewed BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies study demonstrated that Haliotis diversicolor shell accelerated burn wound healing in rats by promoting tissue remodeling, reducing inflammation, and inducing TGF-β1 secretion. Historical TCM records from the Qing Dynasty also document its use for ulcers and traumatic wounds.
Haliotis shell (Shi Jue Ming) is composed predominantly of calcium carbonate, a compound with well-established antacid activity. In TCM, shell-based herbs including abalone shell are traditionally used to treat stomach hyperacidity and heartburn. No clinical trials specific to haliotis shell for GERD have been conducted.
In TCM, Shi Jue Ming (abalone shell) is documented for calming conditions attributed to Liver Heat or Liver Yang rising, including anxiety, irritability, and palpitations. There are no human clinical trials evaluating haliotis specifically for anxiety.
Haliotis shell is rich in calcium carbonate and is traditionally used in TCM for conditions related to bone weakness. In vitro research shows abalone gastrointestinal digests can promote osteoblast activity, but no human bone density trials exist for haliotis specifically.
Improving vision and treating eye disorders is the primary traditional use of Shi Jue Ming documented since the third and fourth centuries CE. TCM records consistently cite it for blurred vision, red eyes, and general visual deterioration attributed to Liver Heat or Yang rising.
Glaucoma is explicitly listed in TCM monographs as a condition traditionally treated with Shi Jue Ming (abalone shell). Compound formulas containing abalone shell were documented in historical records as treatments for glaucoma and other serious eye diseases.
Abalone shell (Shi Jue Ming) is a documented TCM treatment for headaches and migraines, particularly those associated with Liver Yang rising or Liver Fire. It is combined with other herbs such as uncaria and oyster shell in classical formulas for this purpose.
TCM records document the use of Shi Jue Ming for cataracts and age-related visual deterioration. Classical compound formulas containing calcined abalone shell were prescribed for mature cataracts and other degenerative eye conditions.
In TCM, abalone shell is included in formulas for insomnia linked to Liver Yang rising or Liver Fire, where restlessness and inability to sleep accompany other heat signs. It is a component of the formula Tian Ma Gou Teng Yin, documented for treating dizziness and insomnia.
Night blindness is explicitly listed in TCM monographs and classical records as a condition treated with Haliotis shell. Traditional Chinese and Korean medicine records document its use for darkness-related visual impairment.
Osteoporosis is listed among the traditional medicinal uses of Shi Jue Ming in TCM. Preliminary in vitro findings show abalone gastrointestinal digests from Haliotis discus hannai promote osteoblast activity, but human evidence is absent.
Tinnitus is one of the classical TCM indications for Shi Jue Ming, listed in monographs as a symptom of Liver Yang rising or Liver Fire for which abalone shell is prescribed. No human clinical studies have specifically tested it for tinnitus.
Dizziness and vertigo are among the most consistently documented traditional indications for Shi Jue Ming (abalone shell) in TCM. It is a key herb for the Liver Yang rising pattern that includes vertigo, tinnitus, and balance disturbances.
Body systems that Haliotis may help support.
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