Centella asiatica (Gotu Kola)
1. Identity
Botanical and Taxonomic Classification
Centella asiatica (L.) Urban, formerly known as Hydrocotyle asiatica (L.), belongs to the Apiaceae family. Its synonyms include Centella coriacea Nannfd., Hydrocotyle asiatica L., Hydrocotyle lunata Lam., and Trisanthus cochinchinensis Lour. It is a tropical medicinal plant native to Southeast Asian countries such as India, Sri Lanka, China, Indonesia, and Malaysia, as well as South Africa and Madagascar.
Commonly known as "Gotu kola, Asiatic pennywort, Indian pennywort, Indian water navelwort, wild violet, and tiger herb" in English, it is a tropical plant that has been cultivated successfully due to its medical importance in some countries including Turkey, and it has a long history of utilization in Ayurvedic and Chinese traditional medicines for centuries. The name "Gotu Kola" is derived from the Sinhalese language, where "Gotu" means "cup" and "Kola" means "leaf," aptly describing the shape of its leaves.
Botanical Description and Natural Habitat
Centella asiatica is a creeping herbaceous, flowering plant native to tropical swampy areas of Southeast Asia and Australia but now found in many tropical and subtropical areas of the world. Its native range encompasses the Indian subcontinent, Pakistan, Southeast Asia, Malaysia, Indonesia, China, Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and the equatorial belt of South Africa, Madagascar, and South-Central America. Individuals of the species are diploid, tetraploid, or hexaploid (2n = 18/36/54).
Common Preparations and Dosage Forms
Centella asiatica is available over the counter and comes in the forms of whole herbs, powder, capsules, or liquid extracts. It is also an ingredient in some skincare products. A person can find Centella asiatica in creams, gels, and ointments. It can also be consumed as tea. A commercially important standardized form is the Titrated Extract of Centella asiatica (TECA or TTFCA), which concentrates the principal triterpenoid saponins to a defined ratio and has been used in many clinical trials for venous disease and wound healing. Medicinal products containing C. asiatica preparations are authorized and marketed in some European countries including Belgium, France, Greece, Italy, Portugal, and Spain. For external use, cutaneous cream 1% and powder 2% are recommended to support local application.
2. Traditional and Historical Use
Ayurvedic Medicine (India and Sri Lanka)
Centella asiatica has been referred to in Indian Ayurvedic medicine for approximately 3,000 years. It is highly regarded in the Indian Ayurvedic tradition as a "rasayana" or rejuvenating herb with the ability to improve memory. The plant has been used traditionally as a brain tonic in Ayurvedic medicine. The various parts of the plant, including the roots, leaves, and stems, have been utilized in conventional medical procedures due to their therapeutic properties, particularly in Ayurveda, Traditional Chinese Medicine, and traditional African medicine.
Traditional Chinese Medicine
The plant was recorded in the ancient Chinese Shennong Herbal approximately 2,000 years ago. Centella asiatica is most prominently used in Chinese and Ayurvedic and Unani medicine as a memory enhancer, for nervous system disorders, and for topical skin disease treatments. In traditional Chinese medicine, Centella asiatica has been used externally to remove scars and reduce inflammation.
Other Traditional Systems
An overview of Centella asiatica in cosmetic use states that the herb has played a role in traditional medicine for centuries, with some populations using the plant as a cure-all remedy up to 3,000 years ago. Historically, people used it for several conditions, including epilepsy, Hansen's disease (leprosy), minor itching, and insect bites. It has been referred to in the French Pharmacopoeia since 1884. The plant's use for leprosy is particularly well documented in Madagascar: it was used extensively, particularly in Madagascar, in the treatment of the consequences of leprosy. In 1942, its healing power led to the development by Doctors Ch. Grimes and P. Boiteau of a universally-used medicine, Madécassol.
The essential oil of Centella asiatica is used in traditional Ayurvedic medicine in China, India, and Sri Lanka. In South Africa, Centella asiatica (L.) Urb is used traditionally for the treatment of various diseases.
3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds
Pentacyclic Triterpenes (Primary Bioactive Group)
The principal active components are pentacyclic triterpenes such as asiaticoside, asiatic acid, madecassoside, and madecassic acid. Saponins may account for 1% to 8% of all Centella asiatica constituents; the variable quantity of saponins depends mainly on the origin of the plant and can be established by high-performance liquid chromatography with an ultraviolet detector (HPLC-UV). Among identified secondary metabolites, asiaticoside is found as the main compound. Asiaticoside belongs to the ursane-type of triterpenoid glycoside, which has a wide range of biological activities.
Other constituents, identified as centellosides, are primarily ursane- and oleanane-type pentacyclic triterpenoid saponins. The pharmacological activity (e.g., treatment of venous hypertension) of the centellosides is attributed to the compounds asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid.
The greatest concentration of components is found in the leaf. The triterpenes identified were mainly pentacyclic triterpenes, belonging to ursane- or oleanane-type, including asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid.
Other Phytochemical Classes
The chemical constituents of C. asiatica have been systematically classified into terpenes (monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, triterpenes, tetraterpenes), phenolic compounds (flavonoids, phenylpropanoids, tannins), polyacetylenes, alkaloids, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids. C. asiatica is particularly rich in flavonoids, a class of compounds that play a central role in its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, neuroprotective, and vasoprotective activities. Among these, quercetin is one of the most prominent, known for its ability to scavenge reactive oxygen species (ROS) and modulate key inflammatory mediators such as cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).
A comprehensive review reported that 139 secondary metabolites have been isolated, with a large accumulation of centelloids. Approximately 124 chemical compounds have been isolated and identified from Centella asiatica in separate systematic tabulations. The essential oil fraction is characterized by high sesquiterpene content: the oil is characterized by a high concentration of sesquiterpenes (68.80%), with α-humulene (21.06%), β-caryophyllene (19.08%), bicyclogermacrene (11.22%), germacrene B (6.29%), and germacrene D (4.01%) as dominant sesquiterpene constituents.
Caffeoylquinic Acids
The primary bioactive components of C. asiatica include the triterpene glycosides asiaticoside and madecassoside and their corresponding aglycones asiatic acid and madecassic acid. Exploration of the bioactivity of C. asiatica's caffeoylquinic acids is ongoing.
4. Established Mechanisms of Action
Wound Healing and Connective Tissue
The mechanism of action involves promoting fibroblast proliferation and increasing the synthesis of collagen and intracellular fibronectin content, as well as improvement of the tensile strength of newly formed skin and inhibiting the inflammatory phase of hypertrophic scars and keloids. Asiaticoside, a key compound, stimulates the synthesis of type 1 collagen inhibitors in human fibroblast cells. It also enhances skin cell behavior during the wound healing process by increasing the migration rate of skin cells, promoting cellular proliferation, improving initial skin cell adhesion, and increasing the number of normal human dermal fibroblasts.
Asiaticoside acts during the inflammatory phase by reducing the synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6) and growth factors (TGF-β, PDGF, VEGF). Moreover, asiaticoside dramatically increases cell migration, indicating that it may have a therapeutic impact on corneal epithelium re-epithelialization during wound healing.
The principal triterpenoid saponins (asiaticoside, madecassoside) and their aglycones (asiatic acid, madecassic acid), together with polyphenols, act across complementary pathways, including TGF-β/Smad-driven extracellular matrix (ECM) anabolism; NF-κB and JAK/STAT3 attenuation; mitigation of oxidative/glycation stress; and photoprotection to improve histologic and biophysical skin endpoints.
Neuroprotection and Cognitive Function
The mechanisms of a water extract of C. asiatica (CAW) associated with clinical benefits are increased antioxidant response element (ARE) gene expression via nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NRF2) regulated pathways, improved mitochondrial respiration, and heightened dendritic arborization. Centella asiatica is thought to activate MAP kinases, which increase levels of the neurotrophic factor BDNF. Other mechanisms of neuroprotection include antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
To illuminate the mechanisms of neuroprotection, one study reported that the phosphorylation of cyclic AMP response element binding protein (CREB) was enhanced in both a neuroblastoma cell line expressing amyloid beta 1–42 and in rat embryonic cortical primary cell culture. The contribution of two major single components to the enhanced CREB phosphorylation was examined. Inhibitors applied in this study revealed that the ERK/RSK signaling pathway (extracellular signal-regulated kinase–ribosomal S6 kinase) might mediate this effect of the C. asiatica extract.
In cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury, asiaticoside reduces oxidative stress and neuroinflammation through NOD2/MAPK/NF-κB pathway modulation and microglial regulation. Recent research suggests that C. asiatica also plays a significant role in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression. The plant's active components have been found to regulate neurotransmitter activity, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.
Angiogenesis and Microcirculation
C. asiatica might enhance wound healing resulting from improved angiogenesis. This might occur due to its stimulating effect on collagen I, Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) production.
Synergy of Whole-Extract vs. Isolated Compounds
Studies indicate that whole-extract formulations containing multiple triterpenoids show superior efficacy compared to isolated compounds, suggesting synergistic modulation of inflammatory and oxidative pathways. While the mechanisms of action are not fully understood, ongoing research sheds light on the specific pathways through which these triterpenoids exert their beneficial effects.
5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use
5.1 Chronic Venous Insufficiency (CVI)
In clinical settings, Centella asiatica has been used to treat venous insufficiency, a condition where valves in the vein do not function properly and blood pools in the veins of the legs. The TECA (Titrated Extract of Centella asiatica) and TTFCA (Total Triterpenic Fraction of Centella asiatica) preparations have been the subject of multiple randomized controlled trials.
In a multicenter, double-blind versus placebo study, ninety-four patients with venous insufficiency of the lower limbs participated. After randomization, they were allotted for a treatment period of two months to one of three groups: TECA 120 mg/day, TECA 60 mg/day, or placebo. A significant difference (p < 0.05) in favor of TECA was shown for the symptoms of heaviness in the lower limbs and edema, as well as for the overall evaluation by the patient. Venous distensibility measured by a mercury strain gauge plethysmograph at three occlusion pressures was improved for the TECA groups but aggravated for the placebo group.
In another study, fifty-two patients with venous hypertension (pressure greater than 42 mmHg) were divided into three groups, each treated with 60 mg/day, 30 mg/day, or placebo. The additional 10 control subjects were treated with 60 mg/day. After four weeks of treatment, significant improvements were observed in a concentration-dependent manner in the parameters tested, such as filtration rate, ankle edema, and ankle circumference. No significant changes were observed in placebo and control subjects.
A systematic review (Chong & Aziz, 2013) examined the totality of this evidence: aiming to assess the efficacy of Centella asiatica for improvement of the signs and symptoms of CVI, investigators searched 13 electronic databases including the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials for randomised controlled trials. Two review authors independently selected studies, assessed risks of bias, and extracted data; the treatment effects of similar studies were pooled. Eight studies met the inclusion criteria. The pooling of data showed that Centella asiatica significantly improved microcirculatory parameters such as transcutaneous partial pressure of CO2 and O2, rate of ankle swelling, and venoarteriolar response. Three out of the eight studies did not provide quantitative data; however, these studies reported that patients treated with Centella asiatica showed significant improvement in CVI signs such as leg heaviness, pain, and oedema.
Evidence strength: A 2016 Cochrane systematic review of 53 randomized controlled trials testing various treatments for venous insufficiency included 2 trials testing Centella asiatica. In one study, two 10 mg tablets of Centella asiatica were taken 3 times per day (60 mg/day) for 30 days; the other study used two 30 mg tablets twice daily (120 mg/day) for 56 days. Overall, the clinical evidence for CVI is among the strongest of any area of C. asiatica use, though the individual trial sample sizes are modest.
5.2 Wound Healing and Scar Management
There are a number of articles regarding the effect of C. asiatica on wound healing, both in vitro and in vivo. However, there is currently a lack of clinical trials regarding its effect on wound healing, or any of the parameters affecting wound healing in patients.
The favorable effect of C. asiatica was observed with quicker wound healing, possibly due to the synthesis of collagen type 1, 2, and 3, stimulation of fibronectin, and remodeling of the extracellular matrix. C. asiatica has a beneficial effect on anti-inflammation and increases tensile strength, accelerating the formation of epithelium and keratin. However, more clinical trials are needed to ensure the wound healing effects of the plant across different parameters.
One prospective randomized, controlled, double-blind trial examined scar outcomes: the study was performed to evaluate the efficacy of Centella asiatica extract cream for the prevention of scar development of split-thickness skin graft (STSG) donor sites. Both Centella cream and placebo were applied to the donor site at least 2 weeks after epithelialization was completed. A scar assessment using the Vancouver Scar Scale (VSS) was taken at 4, 8, and 12 weeks. Of the original 30 patients, 23 patients completed evaluation.
Active compounds such as asiaticoside, madecassoside, asiatic acid, and madecassic acid enhance collagen synthesis, modulate inflammation, and offer antioxidant protection. Clinical trials show that innovative delivery systems, such as hydrogels, nanostructures, or microneedles, can accelerate wound healing, reduce wound size, and improve recovery times in various wound types, including diabetic ulcers and burns.
Evidence strength: Preclinical (in vitro and animal) evidence for wound healing is strong and mechanistically well characterized. Direct clinical trial evidence remains limited and heterogeneous, with calls for additional rigorously designed studies.
5.3 Dermatology: Skin Aging, Atopic Dermatitis, and Scars
The triterpenes of C. asiatica exert therapeutic effects on dermatological diseases such as acne, burns, atopic dermatitis, and wounds via NF-κB, TGF-β/Smad, MAPK, Wnt/β-catenin, and STAT signaling in in vitro and in vivo studies. However, additional rigorously controlled long-term clinical trials will be necessary to confirm the full potential of C. asiatica as a therapeutic agent.
Although fewer in number than preclinical studies, early human data show improvements in hydration, transepidermal water loss (TEWL), elasticity, and wrinkle appearance with topical C. asiatica–containing formulations, as well as signals in scar management with triterpenoid-focused carriers. Clinical evidence supports the efficacy of Centella asiatica across a spectrum of dermatological conditions, including wound healing, scar management, skin aging, and barrier dysfunction. Human studies, though small and heterogeneous, report improvements in hydration, TEWL, elasticity, and wrinkle appearance, as well as benefits in scar parameters, with good topical tolerability.
Research results indicate that C. asiatica can be used in the treatment of photoaging skin, cellulite, and striae. In atopic dermatitis models, phytosomal formulations of C. asiatica have been reported to significantly reduce serum IgE levels, mast cell infiltration, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity, and NF-κB signaling, thus rationalizing further clinical exploration as a potential topical immunotherapeutic agent.
Evidence strength: Mechanistic and preclinical evidence is extensive. Human clinical evidence is growing but still composed largely of small, short-duration trials. The evidence base for photoaging, hydration, and TEWL improvement is considered preliminary.
5.4 Cognitive Function and Neuroprotection
Highly regarded in the Indian Ayurvedic tradition as a rejuvenating herb with the ability to improve memory, C. asiatica demonstrates neurological and neuroprotective effects. In clinical studies, C. asiatica herb or extracts improved cognitive function in healthy middle-aged adults, elderly adults, and elders with mild cognitive impairment (MCI).
Placebo-controlled trials showed that herbal extracts, or dried herb, improved cognitive function in healthy elderly and middle-aged volunteers. In elderly participants with mild cognitive impairment, investigators found improvements in cognitive test results (Mini Mental State Examination) following use of dried Centella asiatica for six months; however, no control group was incorporated.
A 2017 systematic review and meta-analysis (PMC5587720) pooled the available human trial evidence: the findings revealed that there is no strong evidence to support the effect of C. asiatica on overall cognitive function improvement. However, C. asiatica may improve working memory. A combination of C. asiatica with other herbs may improve attention and concentration, executive function, and information processing speed. Most of the included studies did not report details on the parts of the plant used, the standardization methods, the active marker contents, or the methods for preparing the products. Only three of eleven trials reported standardization methods of the plant extract, and only two trials reported the amount of the active compounds (asiaticoside and asiatic acid) contained in the extract.
These studies used highly variable Centella preparations that were poorly characterized and were either performed in cognitively normal individuals, thereby limiting clinical applicability, or were not placebo-controlled. This warrants a robust, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study in cognitively impaired humans to examine the effects of a chemically well-characterized Centella asiatica extract on cognition.
Preclinical animal evidence is extensive. The cognitive-enhancing effects of Centella asiatica have been well documented in animal models as well as human trials. Two weeks of CAW (water extract) treatment improved performance of 5×FAD mice in both the OLM (Object Location Memory) and CFR (Contextual Fear Retention) tests. The existing clinical trials, despite being few to date, suggest that C. asiatica can improve memory and reduce anxiety.
C. asiatica (Gotu Kola) has been reported to have comprehensive neuroprotection by different modes of action such as enzyme inhibition, prevention of amyloid plaque formation in Alzheimer's disease, dopamine neurotoxicity in Parkinson's disease, and decreasing oxidative stress. Therefore, C. asiatica could be suggested to be a desired phytopharmaceutical with neuroprotective effect emerging from traditional medicine.
Evidence strength: Preclinical evidence is robust. Human clinical evidence is limited by small sample sizes, poor extract standardization, and insufficient placebo controls. The systematic review meta-analysis does not support a broad cognitive benefit but signals a possible effect on working memory. Higher-quality clinical trials are actively underway.
5.5 Anxiety and Mood
Recent research suggests that CA plays a significant role in alleviating symptoms of anxiety and depression. The plant's active components have been found to regulate neurotransmitter activity, reduce oxidative stress, and modulate the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The mechanism of action and possible toxicity in this area needs to be further investigated in large samples, which may bring to light precise mechanisms for ameliorating CNS-related conditions like depression and sleep disorders.
Evidence strength: Predominantly preclinical and preliminary. Some clinical signals for anxiety reduction exist but are not yet supported by large, adequately powered, placebo-controlled human trials.
5.6 Antidiabetic and Metabolic Effects
Centella asiatica has a rich history of use in treating a wide range of ailments, including neurological, dermatological, immunological, and metabolic disorders. The plant is rich in bioactive compounds such as pentacyclic triterpenes, flavonoids, phytosterols, and phenolic acids, which contribute significantly to its therapeutic effectiveness. The medicinal applications of C. asiatica are vast, with its chemical constituents exhibiting notable therapeutic potential in areas such as antidiabetic, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, neuroprotective, antioxidant, and wound healing activities.
Evidence strength: The antidiabetic and metabolic evidence for C. asiatica in humans remains at an early stage. Most supportive data derive from in vitro and animal studies; human clinical trial evidence is not yet sufficient to establish efficacy in this area.
6. Body Systems and Health Areas
- Integumentary (skin): Wound healing, scar prevention and management, burns, atopic dermatitis, photoaging, skin hydration and barrier repair, keloid and hypertrophic scar modulation, striae, cellulite.
- Vascular/Circulatory: Chronic venous insufficiency, venous hypertension, microangiopathy, ankle edema, microcirculation improvement.
- Nervous System: Cognitive enhancement (memory, working memory), neuroprotection, Alzheimer's disease models, anxiety and mood modulation, HPA axis modulation.
- Metabolic/Endocrine: Antidiabetic potential (preclinical), antioxidant activity.
- Immune/Inflammatory: Anti-inflammatory via NF-κB and cytokine suppression, potential role in atopic and autoimmune-driven conditions.
In vitro and in vivo studies have illustrated a range of significant health benefits associated with Centella asiatica, such as its potential to act as an antidiabetic agent, promote wound healing, exhibit antimicrobial properties, enhance memory, function as an antioxidant, and protect neurological health.
7. Dosage Forms and Dosages Reported in Studies
Dosages vary considerably across preparations and indication. The following reflects what has been reported in identified clinical studies and systematic reviews:
- Chronic venous insufficiency (oral TECA/TTFCA): In a double-blind multicenter study, groups received TECA 120 mg/day or TECA 60 mg/day for a treatment period of two months. In a separate study, 52 patients with venous hypertension were divided into groups receiving 60 mg/day, 30 mg/day, or placebo; an additional 10 subjects received 60 mg/day. After four weeks, significant improvements were observed in a concentration-dependent manner.
- Cognitive function studies (oral): The systematic review identified studies using C. asiatica powder ranging from 500–12,000 mg/day, while two trials used C. asiatica water extract ranging from 250–750 mg/day.
- Topical (dermatological): For external use, cutaneous cream 1% and powder 2% are recommended to support local treatment of skin conditions.
- Preclinical (animal, for reference): In aged Tg2576 mice (Alzheimer's model), a high dose of Centella asiatica (1,000 mg/kg/day, orally) for 5 weeks improved both contextual fear retention and novel object recognition memory, while the lower dose (200 mg/kg/day, orally) had less of an effect.
8. Safety Considerations and Interactions
General Tolerability
In small trials, Centella asiatica extracts have appeared to be well tolerated with only mild, transient, and nonspecific adverse effects (headache, dizziness, bloating, diarrhea, nausea), which often have been similar in frequency among persons receiving placebo or alternative treatments.
Contact Dermatitis and Allergic Reactions
Rare instances of allergic reactions have been reported, particularly with topical therapy of skin diseases and wounds. In some clinical trials, contact dermatitis has been documented.
Hepatotoxicity
While generally regarded as safe, Centella asiatica has been linked to rare instances of clinically apparent acute liver injury with jaundice. A published report described 3 cases of hepatotoxicity associated with ingestion of Centella asiatica. Three women (ages 49, 52, and 61) developed jaundice after taking Centella asiatica for 20–60 days. All 3 women were ingesting Centella asiatica tablets (of unknown dosage) to lose weight. ALT levels rose to 324–1,694 U/L (normal: 7–56 U/L), ALP levels to 472–503 U/L (normal: 44–147 IU/L), and bilirubin levels to 4.23–19.89 mg/dl (normal: 0.1–1.2 mg/dl).
Isolated reports of hepatotoxicity have raised caution, particularly with extended oral use. These rare but significant events appear to be dose-dependent and may be exacerbated by pre-existing hepatic impairment, underscoring the importance of liver function monitoring during long-term treatment. Based on other studies reporting few and mild adverse events, it is not clear whether the hepatotoxicity is associated with a specific brand (not noted in the case report) or higher dose (also not included).
Drug Interactions
Drug interactions are not well-documented, though theoretically Centella asiatica may interact with antiepileptics (e.g., phenytoin, valproate, and gabapentin).
A dedicated in vitro study evaluated cytochrome P450 (CYP450) interaction potential: reversible and time-dependent inhibitory effects of a C. asiatica water extract (CAW-R61J) on CYP1A2, CYP2B6, CYP2C8, CYP2C9, CYP2C19, CYP2D6, and CYP3A4/5 were evaluated using human liver microsomes. CAW-R61J showed weak reversible inhibition of most P450 forms tested, with the strongest being CYP2C9 (IC50 of 330 µg/ml). CAW-R61J (≤1,000 µg/ml) was not a time-dependent inhibitor of any of these P450 enzymes. In summary, CAW-R61J had no, or only weak, impact on P450 induction and inhibition in vitro. The clinical relevance of these results depends on the in vivo concentration of CAW-R61J components achieved in humans. Plasma triterpene concentrations measured in recent clinical studies suggest minimal risk of P450-mediated drug interactions by these components.
Bioavailability Challenges
One current challenge with C. asiatica is the low bioavailability of its active compounds (mainly asiaticoside, asiatic acid, madecassoside, and madecassic acid). As a consequence, several delivery systems are being studied in order to increase their bioavailability.
Overall Evidence Quality and Research Gaps
Future well-designed clinical trials are warranted to evaluate the effects of C. asiatica products on cognitive function and mood as well as safety. Standardized doses should be investigated over short-term and long-term periods of ingestion for effects in each specific cognitive domain, especially working memory, attention and concentration, executive function, and information processing speed. Further clinical research is warranted to confirm safety, optimize dosing, and translate preclinical results into effective human treatments.
References
- Centella asiatica and its bioactive compounds: a comprehensive approach to managing hyperglycemia and associated disorders — Discover Plants, Springer Nature (2024)
- Centella asiatica — ScienceDirect Topics Overview
- Centella asiatica — Wikipedia
- Safety Assessment of Centella asiatica-derived Ingredients — Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), 2015
- Identification of Major Active Ingredients Responsible for Burn Wound Healing of Centella asiatica Herbs — PMC
- Centella asiatica (L.) Urban: From Traditional Medicine to Modern Medicine with Neuroprotective Potential — PMC
- Effects of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. on cognitive function and mood related outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis — PMC
- Centella asiatica attenuates hippocampal mitochondrial dysfunction and improves memory and executive function in β-amyloid overexpressing mice — PMC
- Centella asiatica modulates antioxidant and mitochondrial pathways and improves cognitive function in mice — PMC
- Centella asiatica improves cognitive function and alters the hippocampal metabolome of aged Tg2576 and wild-type mice — PMC (2025)
- Centella Asiatica Improves Memory and Promotes Antioxidative Signaling in 5XFAD Mice — PMC
- Pharmacokinetics and Pharmacodynamics of Key Components of a Standardized Centella asiatica Product in Cognitively Impaired Older Adults: A Phase 1, Double-Blind, Randomized Clinical Trial — PubMed
- Centella asiatica — Cognitive Vitality for Researchers, Alzheimer's Drug Discovery Foundation
- A Systematic Review of the Effect of Centella asiatica on Wound Healing — PMC (2022)
- A Systematic Review of the Efficacy of Centella asiatica for Improvement of the Signs and Symptoms of Chronic Venous Insufficiency — Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine (2013)
- Titrated Extract of Centella asiatica (TECA) in the Treatment of Venous Insufficiency of the Lower Limbs — Angiology, PubMed (1987)
- Pharmacological Review on Centella asiatica: A Potential Herbal Cure-all — PMC
- Centella asiatica — LiverTox, NCBI Bookshelf / NIH
- Centella asiatica Water Extract Shows Low Potential for Cytochrome P450–Mediated Drug Interactions — PMC
- Pharmacological Effects of Centella asiatica on Skin Diseases: Evidence and Possible Mechanisms — PMC (2021)
- Topical Application of Centella asiatica in Wound Healing: Recent Insights into Mechanisms and Clinical Efficacy — PMC (2024)
- Centella asiatica and Its Metabolite Asiatic Acid: Wound Healing Effects and Therapeutic Potential — PMC (2023)
- A Prospective Randomized, Controlled, Double-Blind Trial of the Efficacy Using Centella Cream for Scar Improvement — PMC
- Centella asiatica Promotes Antioxidant Gene Expression and Mitochondrial Oxidative Respiration in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis — PMC (2025)
- A review of neuroprotective properties of Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. and its therapeutic effects — PubMed (2025)
- Centella asiatica (L.) Urb. in skin health and cosmeceuticals: mechanisms, clinical evidence, and advanced delivery systems — Pharmacia (2025)
- Centella asiatica: Advances in Extraction Technologies, Phytochemistry, and Therapeutic Applications — PMC (2025)
- Asiaticoside delays senescence and attenuates generation of ROS in UV-exposure cells through regulates TGF-β1/Smad pathway — PMC
- Chemical Composition and Antibacterial Activity of the Essential Oil of Centella asiatica Growing in South Africa — Journal of Essential Oil Research
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