Dog Rose (Rosa canina L.): A Comprehensive Reference
1. Identity and Botanical Description
1.1 Nomenclature
The plant is scientifically known as Rosa canina L., also termed "dog rose." The botanical name 'Rosa canina' comes from the ancient belief that the plant could be used to treat wild dog bites. An alternative interpretation of the species epithet canina is that it means "with sharp teeth or thorns" (much like a dog's teeth). Botanical synonyms include Rosa corymbifera Borkh., Rosa dumetorum Thuill., Rosa caesia Sm., Rosa afzeliana Fr., and Rosa andegavensis Bastard, among others.
The dog rose bush (Rosa canina) is one of many wild rose plants within the large Rosaceae botanical group; that family includes about 2,800 species spread over 95 genera, which grow worldwide, though members are most commonly found in the Northern Hemisphere. The Rosa genus itself comprises nearly 200 species that are widespread in temperate to subtropical habitats of Europe, Asia, North America, and the Middle East.
1.2 Geographical Range
Native to Europe, western and central Asia, and northern Africa, the dog rose has been highly valued by many cultures for millennia. During the 15th century, Europeans introduced the dog rose bush into the Americas, southern Australia, New Zealand, and southern Africa, where it quickly spread and now grows in the wild.
1.3 Botanical Structure and Plant Parts Used
Belonging to the rose family (Rosaceae), the plant inhabits woods, hedges, and roadsides, growing as a perennial bush up to 2 m tall, with vine-shoot-like, pendulous, green stems bearing strong hooked prickles and composite leaves of 3–4 pairs of toothed, oval leaflets. Essential oils are extracted from the fragrant white-to-pink flowers, which bloom in June and July and provide nectar and pollen for many species of bees, flies, beetles, and other insects.
Much of the medicinal and nutritional focus is centered on the pseudo-fruits of R. canina, which are called rose hips. These are aggregate fruits consisting of several achenes (the actual seed-containing fruits) enclosed by an enlarged, red, fleshy floral cup (hypanthium). Flowers, leaves, roots, branches, and fruits of dog rose have been used for thousands of years for their medicinal benefits; among those morphological parts, fruits and leaves are the most often used.
1.4 Common Forms and Preparations
Various traditional products are prepared from its fruits and roots, including rose hip marmalade, rose hip pestil, rose hip syrup, and rose hip tea. In modern commerce, cold-pressed rosehip seed oil is a valuable source of polyunsaturated fatty acids, while incorporating rosehip pomace into snacks enhances their nutritional profile, positioning them as potential functional foods and dietary supplements. It is available over the counter in capsule form. Tea is prepared by steeping the dried fruits; commercial instructions describe steeping 2–2.5 grams of crushed rose hips in 150 mL boiling water for 10–15 minutes, then straining the liquid before ingesting.
2. Traditional and Historical Use
2.1 Ancient and Classical Antiquity
Archaeological traces show that prehistoric Europeans gathered rose hips, while the Roman naturalist Pliny the Elder described rose hips as a cure for everything from stomach troubles to dog bites. Rosa canina was already being cultivated by the Romans, not so much for its flowers as for its fruit — the rose hips — which were thought to cure the bite of a mad dog.
2.2 Medieval and Islamic Golden Age
Recommendations for its use exist in Tibetan medicine and are mentioned in the works of Avicenna, and even in manuscripts of biblical times. In the Canon of Medicine, Avicenna (980–1037 CE) described R. canina, as alighol-kalb, a remedy for oral ulcers and to strengthen gums, a use corroborated by contemporary studies demonstrating its efficacy in managing gingival inflammation and scurvy-associated oral manifestations. The use of rosehips dates back to antiquity, where they were a staple in recipes; during the European Middle Ages, they were known for their medicinal properties during the winter months.
2.3 European Folk Medicine
In traditional European folk medicine, rose hip has been used as a laxative, diuretic, anti-gout, and anti-rheumatism medication. European folk medicine uses rosehip in the treatment of gastrointestinal disorders, infections, and fever. The fruit of the genus Rosa, commonly known as "rose hip," has been traditionally used in medicine to address various health issues, including kidney stones, gastrointestinal problems, hypertension, and respiratory conditions such as bronchitis and colds.
2.4 Turkish Folk Medicine and the German Commission E
The Complete German Commission E Monographs: Therapeutic Guide to Herbal Medicines lists it as a medicinal plant, suggesting the use of the pseudo fruit's seeds and shells for treating ailments such as arthritic conditions, gout, sciatica, and diseases of the kidney and lower urinary tract. In Turkish folk medicine, R. canina is a very valued plant, such that the roots, leaves, branches, and fruits are used in the treatment of a number of ailments.
2.5 World War II and Vitamin C Supplementation
The plant's high vitamin C content later popularized its use in rosehip tea, which was employed as a dietary vitamin C source by the British government during World War II. When citrus fruits were scarce, rosehip syrup was used to prevent scurvy.
2.6 Native American and Other Traditional Uses
Native Americans have used rosehip tea to soothe sore throats and indigestion. There are countless references to the rosehip fruit in holistic healing systems, from Tibetan medicine to Ayurveda, as well as in the manuscripts of the famous Persian philosopher and physician Avicenna.
3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds
3.1 Overview of Phytochemical Richness
Rose hips contain approximately 129 compounds, including flavonoids, tannins, and phenolic acids, contributing to their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and neuroprotective effects. Phytochemical investigations of R. canina hips have identified many phytochemicals, including vitamin C, tocopherols, phenolics, bioflavonoids, carotenoids, organic acids, and essential fatty acids.
3.2 Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)
Rosehips are reported to contain numerous compounds that are responsible for their positive health benefits, including polyphenols, flavonoids, carotenoids, and especially vitamin C, whose average content has been reported to be 550 mg/100 g of rosehip flesh. As a reference, rosehip provides 426 mg total ascorbic acid (vitamin C) per 100 g of fruit; the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for vitamin C are 90 mg for men and 75 mg for women. Vitamin C is a powerful antioxidant and is essential for immune system function, collagen synthesis, and iron absorption; however, it can be lost during drying and processing.
3.3 The Galactolipid GOPO
A type of galactolipid known as (2S)-1,2-di-O-(α-linolenoyl)-3-O-β-D-galactopyranosylglycerol (GOPO) is considered one of the main components responsible for the anti-inflammatory effects of rosehip extract. This bioactive compound has study evidence to support both antitumor and anti-inflammatory activity. The galactolipid GOPO has strong anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties that stimulate the synthesis and restoration of collagen. A specific cultivar (the Lito plant) contains high amounts of GOPO; the product when dried at low temperature using a patented methodology always contains a minimum of GOPO of 150 mg/kg.
3.4 Polyphenols and Flavonoids
The main bioactive compounds of rosehip include phenolic acids (gallic acid, ellagic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid), carotenoids (lycopene, β-carotene, zeaxanthin), anthocyanins, tocopherols (α- and β-tocopherols), tannins, and flavonoids (flavan-3-ols). The flavonoid fraction includes quercetin, kaempferol, and rutin, while phenolic acids include gallic acid and ellagic acid; these compounds have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Current findings suggest that flavonoids (especially tiliroside), GOPO, and the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) linoleic and α-linolenic acid are among the more interesting bioactive ingredients.
3.5 Tiliroside
New research suggests that a kaempferol derivative (tiliroside), only present in the seeds of rose hip, may play a role in anti-obesity activity in R. canina. Trans-tiliroside, a compound found in Rosa canina, reduces body weight in mice and inhibits fat buildup; earlier research suggested that trans-tiliroside is involved in lipid metabolism and adipogenesis.
3.6 Carotenoids
The carotenoid fraction contains beta-carotene, lycopene, lutein, and zeaxanthin; these have antioxidant properties, and some are precursors of vitamin A (beta-carotene). The rich and diverse carotenoid composition in R. canina has been known for over 10 years, but so far no significant bioactivity has been reported for this class of compounds specifically.
3.7 Fatty Acids and Seed Oil
The seeds contained within the rose hips have been shown to comprise high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), known to be essential to the skin. The key fatty acids include saturated fatty acids palmitic acid and stearic acid; and unsaturated fatty acids oleic acid, linoleic acid, alpha-linolenic acid, and arachidonic acid.
3.8 Other Nutrients and Minerals
Additional constituents identified from the literature include vitamins A, B1, B2, B3, C, D, E, and K; minerals sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, iron, and manganese; amino acids; carbohydrates including galactolipids, oligosaccharides, and pectins; organic (plant) acids; and terpenoid carotenes.
4. Mechanisms of Action
4.1 Anti-inflammatory Mechanisms
Anti-inflammatory activities of rose hip constituents include the reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines, reduction of NF-κB signaling, inhibition of pro-inflammatory enzymes, including COX1/2, 5-LOX, and iNOS. The antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of Rosa canina match its clinical action, especially considering new findings on the pharmacological disease pattern of osteoarthritis. The entirety of several compounds including phenolics, terpenoids, galactolipids, carotenoids, fruit acids, and fatty oils can be considered responsible for the observed pharmacological and clinical effects.
4.2 Antioxidant Mechanisms
Potent antioxidant radical scavenging effects are well documented for numerous rose hip constituents besides vitamin C. Rosa canina L. (dog rose) is a rich source of phenolic compounds that offer great hope for the prevention of chronic human diseases.
4.3 Anti-obesity and Metabolic Mechanisms
Rosa canina and the compound tiliroside (the principal constituent of its seeds) exhibit anti-obesity and anti-diabetic activities via the enhancement of fatty acid oxidation in the liver and skeletal muscle.
4.4 Cyclooxygenase Inhibition
As cyclooxygenase inhibitors, rose hip compounds may reduce the risk of cancer, heart disease, and various inflammatory conditions.
4.5 Cartilage Protection
The anti-inflammatory mechanism of rose hip powder supports a greater benefit than its action as a painkiller, and may also explain why it takes a certain time, up to 3 weeks, before symptoms of osteoarthritis start to decline. Rose hip thus appears to work as a disease-modifying agent and not directly as a painkiller, which was also supported by a study indicating improved collagen production as a result of rose hip treatment.
5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use
5.1 Osteoarthritis
5.1.1 Randomized Controlled Trials
A powder made from seeds and shells of a rose-hip subspecies (Rosa canina) reduces symptoms of knee and hip osteoarthritis, as demonstrated in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial (Winther K, Apel K, Thamsborg G; Scand J Rheumatol. 2005).
Two systematic reviews identified two RCTs examining the clinical effectiveness of rosehip in osteoarthritis. In the first trial, 100 people with hip and/or knee osteoarthritis were randomly assigned to receive either LitoZin tablets (5 g rosehip) or a placebo once a day for four months. The second trial involved 112 people with osteoarthritis in multiple sites.
In the first study (parallel design; endpoint after 4 months), rosehip powder, in comparison with placebo, significantly improved hip flexion (p < 0.05), but no significant change was observed for internal and external rotation of the hips or in flexion of the knee. In the second study (crossover design, endpoints after 3 and 6 months), 66% of the patients receiving the test substance and 35% of the patients on placebo reported a reduction in pain.
5.1.2 Meta-analyses
Three studies involving 287 patients and a median trial duration of 3 months — all supported by the manufacturer (Hyben-Vital International) — showed a reduction in pain scores by rosehip powder (145 patients) compared to placebo (142 patients), with an effect size of 0.37. It appeared twice as likely that a patient allocated to rosehip powder would respond to therapy compared to placebo (OR = 2.19; P = 0.0009), corresponding to a Number Needed to Treat (NNT) of six patients (95% CI: 4–13).
Although based on a sparse amount of data, the results of the present meta-analysis indicate that rosehip powder does reduce pain; accordingly it may be of interest as a nutraceutical, although its efficacy and safety need evaluation and independent replication in a future large-scale/long-term trial.
5.1.3 Systematic Reviews
Moderate evidence exists for the use of a powder of the seeds and husks of a Rosa canina subspecies in patients suffering from osteoarthritis. A meta-analysis of three randomised controlled trials involving 287 patients with a median treatment period of 3 months reported that treatment with standardised rosehip powder consistently reduced pain scores and that patients allocated to rosehip powder were twice as likely to respond to rosehip compared to placebo.
Evidence strength: Moderate. The existing positive signal from RCTs and meta-analyses is limited by small sample sizes, a single product brand involved in the majority of trials, and manufacturer sponsorship.
5.2 Rheumatoid Arthritis
In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) according to ARA/ACR criteria were randomised to treatment with capsulated rose-hip powder 5 g daily or matching placebo for 6 months at two outpatient clinics in Berlin and Copenhagen. In a total of 89 patients (90% female, mean age 56.6 ± 11.3 years, mean disease duration 12.8 ± 9.6 years), the HAQ-DI in the rose-hip group improved by 0.105 ± 0.346, whereas in the placebo group it worsened by 0.039 ± 0.253 (p adjusted = 0.032).
Those who received rosehip reported greater improvements in disease activity, quality of life, physical function, and physical global assessment than the placebo group. There were more dropouts and side-effects in the placebo group. One person in the rosehip group developed vasculitis, but it was unclear whether this was related to the treatment as they were also on several other medications.
Evidence strength: Preliminary to moderate. A single small RCT (n=89) showed a statistically significant improvement in function; larger independent replication is needed.
5.3 Cardiovascular Health and Metabolic Markers
A systematic review analysed four randomised clinical trials that studied the impact of rosehips on lipid profiles and blood glucose levels. The dosages varied between 40 g powder to 100 mg to 750 mg in tablets, taken once or twice daily for between 6–12 weeks. Results showed significant reductions in LDL cholesterol, fasting blood glucose, and HbA1c. Secondary measures included reductions in body weight, systolic blood pressure, abdominal fat, and cardiovascular risk scores. Rosehip was well tolerated with limited adverse effects.
Evidence strength: Preliminary. The systematic review covered only four trials and the range of doses makes direct comparisons difficult. Independent replication in larger trials is needed.
5.4 Body Weight and Abdominal Fat
In a 12-week trial of 32 overweight adults, those taking 100 mg of rosehip extract daily lost significantly more weight and abdominal fat than the placebo group. Pre-obese volunteers had a healthier body fat distribution and more favourable levels of abdominal visceral fat after daily intake of rose hip extract. Animal studies also support this finding: in an 8-week mouse study, animals on a high-fat diet supplemented with 1% rosehip extract gained significantly less weight and abdominal fat than those not given the extract.
Current findings are mostly about concentrated rosehip extracts rather than tea; more human research is needed to assess whether drinking rosehip tea yields similar weight-related effects.
Evidence strength: Preliminary. The human trial was small (n=32). Evidence in rodents is more consistent, but translation to humans is not yet established.
5.5 Skin Health and Cell Longevity
A total of 34 healthy subjects, aged 35–65 years, with wrinkles on the face (crow's-feet) were subjected to a randomized and double-blinded clinical study of the effects of rose hip powder, as compared to astaxanthin. During the 8-week study, half of the participants ingested the standardized rose hip product, while the other half ingested astaxanthin. Objective measurements of facial wrinkles, skin moisture, and elasticity were made using Visioscan, Corneometer, and Cutometer at the beginning of the study, after 4 weeks, and after 8 weeks. In addition, the effect of the rose hip preparation on cell longevity was measured in terms of leakage of hemoglobin through red cell membranes (hemolytic index) in blood samples kept in a blood bank for 5 weeks.
Rose hips are particularly rich in vitamin C, carotenoids, polyphenols, and various flavonoids that have potent antioxidant activity. The seeds contained within the rose hips have been shown to comprise high amounts of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), known to be essential to the skin.
Evidence strength: Preliminary. The skin-focused RCT was small (n=34) and comparator-controlled rather than placebo-controlled in the traditional sense.
5.6 Immune Function
One of the most well-known benefits of rosehips is their ability to boost the immune system. The high vitamin C content makes rosehip extract an important support for the immune system. By increasing the production and function of white blood cells, vitamin C strengthens the body's resistance to infections and may reduce the duration and severity of colds. Polyphenols can also modulate the immune response.
Evidence strength: Indirect/mechanistic. The immune benefits attributed to rosehip are largely extrapolated from well-established vitamin C physiology. Direct clinical trials specifically testing rosehip's immunological benefits are limited.
5.7 Anticancer Effects
Vitamin C and flavonoids are responsible for the antioxidant activity of rosehip, while only polyphenols contribute to its antiproliferative activity. In laboratory and animal studies, rosehip extract has been shown to inhibit growth and promote apoptosis in various cancer cell lines (colon, breast, liver) thanks to the polyphenols and carotenoids it contains; however, more research is needed for cancer treatment in humans.
Evidence strength: Preliminary/in vitro and animal data only. No clinical trials in humans have established anti-tumour efficacy of rosehip preparations.
5.8 Urinary Tract and Diuretic Use
Rosehip has a diuretic action, which means it can be used for conditions of the kidneys and lower urinary tract. It is highly antioxidant and supports blood purification through the kidneys. Rosehip is also used as a supportive medicine during and after an acute urinary tract infection, providing the infection has been appropriately managed.
Evidence strength: Traditional use with in vitro mechanistic support. Human clinical evidence for this specific indication is lacking.
5.9 Gastrointestinal Uses
Rosehip infusion coats and soothes the mucous membranes due to its mucilaginous properties. The mucilage coats the digestive tract, calming and protecting the digestive tissues after acute stomach illness, antibiotic use, dysentery, or giardia. The mucilaginous quality soothes the digestive tract and helps to alleviate constipation.
Evidence strength: Traditional use. Direct clinical evidence is absent.
6. Body Systems and Health Areas
- Musculoskeletal system: Osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis — the best-supported clinical area, with multiple RCTs and meta-analyses.
- Immune system: Vitamin C-mediated immune support, modulation of white blood cell function.
- Cardiovascular system: Antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and hepatoprotective effects, attributed to its rich content of phenolic acids, carotenoids, tocopherols, and vitamins.
- Metabolic/endocrine: Blood glucose and lipid modulation; anti-obesity effects via tiliroside-mediated fatty acid oxidation.
- Integumentary system (skin): Collagen synthesis support via vitamin C; antioxidant protection of cell membranes; topical and ingested preparations used for wound healing and wrinkling.
- Urinary tract: Diuretic and antioxidant effects traditionally employed for kidney and lower urinary tract conditions.
- Gastrointestinal system: Mucilaginous soothing of digestive tract, mild laxative effect via pectin content.
7. Dosage Forms and Dosages Reported in Studies
The intervention in all the RCTs included in the osteoarthritis meta-analysis used rose-hip powder at 5 g/day, with a mean trial duration of 3.3 months.
In the rheumatoid arthritis double-blind placebo-controlled trial, patients received capsulated rose-hip powder 5 g daily for 6 months.
In the weight-management trial of 32 overweight adults, the dose used was 100 mg of rosehip extract daily for 12 weeks.
In the cardiovascular/metabolic systematic review, dosages varied between 40 g powder to 100 mg to 750 mg in tablets, taken once or twice daily for between 6–12 weeks.
For tea preparations, commercial references describe steeping 2–2.5 grams of crushed rose hips in 150 mL boiling water for 10–15 minutes before straining.
The skin-health study used a standardized rose hip powder, with capsules taken at three in the morning and another three in the evening for an 8-week study period.
8. Safety Considerations and Drug Interactions
8.1 General Tolerability
Rosehip is generally well tolerated. Reported side effects are mild and include gastrointestinal upset (bloating, diarrhea, or mild stomach discomfort) and, rarely, allergic reactions in sensitive individuals. It can cause gastric irritation if not adequately processed.
8.2 Kidney Stone Risk
For individuals who are genetically predisposed to forming calcium oxalate kidney stones, consuming very high doses of rose hip could paradoxically increase the concentration of oxalate in the urine, potentially elevating the risk of stone formation. High vitamin C intake may increase oxalate production; caution is warranted if you have a history of kidney stones.
8.3 Iron Overload
Too much vitamin C enhances iron absorption, which could be problematic for people with hemochromatosis.
8.4 Interactions with Anticoagulants and Warfarin
Large amounts of vitamin C can interfere with blood-thinning medicines, such as Coumadin (warfarin). As rosehip contains vitamin C, caution is warranted if you are taking these drugs. Rosehip's vitamin K content (though low) could also affect INR in patients on anticoagulants such as warfarin.
8.5 Interactions with Deferoxamine
The ascorbic acid in rose hips increases the availability of iron for chelation with deferoxamine; ascorbic acid should be avoided in patients with cardiac failure undergoing deferoxamine treatment, and clinical cardiac monitoring is recommended for patients supplemented with ascorbic acid.
8.6 Interaction with Tetracycline Antibiotics
Rose hips decrease levels of demeclocycline (a tetracycline-class antibiotic) by inhibition of gastrointestinal absorption; this interaction applies only to oral forms of both agents and warrants avoidance or use of an alternate drug.
8.7 Interaction with Proton Pump Inhibitors
Dexlansoprazole (a proton pump inhibitor) will decrease the level or effect of rose hips by increasing gastric pH.
8.8 Pregnancy and Lactation
It is unknown if rose hips are safe for use during pregnancy. Caution is advised for use during pregnancy or breastfeeding, as there are no studies to determine if such use is safe.
8.9 Evidence Gaps and Future Research
To fully exploit the functional and nutraceutical potential of rosehips, future research should focus on identifying the specific bioactive compounds responsible for the observed health benefits and optimizing their extraction and purification methods. More clinical trials are essential to establish the efficacy and safety of rosehips in functional foods and medical applications. Although based on a sparse amount of data, rosehip powder may be of interest as a nutraceutical, although its efficacy and safety need evaluation in independent, large-scale, long-term trials.
References
- Chrubasik C, Duke RK, Chrubasik S. The evidence for clinical efficacy of rose hip and seed: a systematic review. Phytotherapy Research 2006. NCBI Bookshelf (DARE).
- Christensen R, et al. Does the hip powder of Rosa canina (rosehip) reduce pain in osteoarthritis patients? A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Osteoarthritis Cartilage 2008. PubMed PMID: 18407528.
- Gruenwald J, Uebelhack R, Moré MI. Rosa canina – Rose hip pharmacological ingredients and molecular mechanics counteracting osteoarthritis – A systematic review. Phytomedicine 2019. PubMed PMID: 31138475.
- Willich SN, et al. Rose hip herbal remedy in patients with rheumatoid arthritis – a randomised controlled trial. PubMed PMID: 19818588.
- Phetcharat L, Wongsuphasawat K, Winther K. The effectiveness of a standardized rose hip powder, containing seeds and shells of Rosa canina, on cell longevity, skin wrinkles, moisture, and elasticity. Clin Interv Aging 2015. PMC4655903.
- Winther K, Vinther Hansen AS, Campbell-Tofte J. Bioactive ingredients of rose hips (Rosa canina L) with special reference to antioxidative and anti-inflammatory properties. Dove Medical Press.
- Phenolic Composition and Biological Properties of Wild and Commercial Dog Rose Fruits and Leaves. PMC7697969.
- Negrean OR, et al. Recent advances and insights into the bioactive properties and applications of Rosa canina L. and its by-products. Heliyon 2024. PMC11101839.
- The Effects of a Standardized Herbal Remedy Made from a Subtype of Rosa canina in Patients with Osteoarthritis: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. PMC4053021.
- Does the hip powder of Rosa canina (rosehip) reduce pain in osteoarthritis patients? DARE Review. NCBI Bookshelf.
- The clinical effectiveness of rosehip powder in patients with osteoarthritis. A systematic review. PubMed PMID: 17619600.
- Cohen M. Rosehip – an evidence based herbal medicine for inflammation and arthritis. Aust Fam Physician 2012. PubMed PMID: 22762068.
- Medscape. Rosa canina (Rose Hips) – Drug Interactions and Dosing Reference.
- Rosehip (Rosa Canina L.): A Systematic Review of The Plant, Traditional Uses, And Pharmacological Aspects. IJPS Journal 2025.
- Phytochemistry, Traditional Uses and Pharmacological Profile of Rose Hip: A Review. ResearchGate 2018.
- Rosehips (Rosa canina): Benefits, Uses, Research, Safety. Herbal Reality.
- Cardioprotective effect of Rosa canina L. methanolic extract on heat shock induced cardiomyocyte injury: An experimental study. PMC7828751.
- Fan C, Pacier C, Martirosyan DM. Rose hip (Rosa canina L): A functional food perspective. Functional Foods in Health and Disease 2014.
- Microwave Hydrodiffusion and Gravity Extraction of Vitamin C and Antioxidant Compounds from Rosehips (Rosa canina L.). PMC10453430.
- Rosehip. Arthritis UK – Uses, Side-effects, and Evidence Review.
Volver