Infecciones Oculares

Boswellic acids from Boswellia serrata inhibit 5-lipoxygenase and reduce pro-inflammatory cytokines including TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6, which are elevated after concussion. A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial in TBI patients (n=80; K-Vie™, 3 months) showed significant (p<0.05) improvement in cognitive assessments (RAVLT, DSST, TMT-B) versus placebo. A 2024 Nutrients narrative review identifies Boswellia serrata as one of ~11 compounds under active clinical investigation for concussion/TBI recovery.

Choline is a precursor to acetylcholine (critical for learning and memory) and phosphatidylcholine (the primary structural phospholipid of neuronal membranes), both of which are compromised after concussion. Supplementation with choline has been linked to improved cognitive function in TBI patients. A 2024 Nutrients narrative review identifies choline as one of ~11 compounds under active clinical investigation for concussion/mTBI, and multiple reviews confirm its role in membrane repair and neurotransmitter restoration post-injury.

Citicoline (CDP-choline) is a neuroprotective and neurorestorative compound approved for TBI treatment in 59 countries. A 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis of 11 RCTs (n=2,771 TBI patients) found citicoline was associated with a significantly higher rate of functional independence (RR 1.18; 95% CI 1.05–1.33) versus placebo. A pilot double-blind RCT in post-concussion syndrome patients found 1 g/day citicoline for one month significantly improved memory test scores. The large COBRIT trial (n=1,213) did not find benefit in complicated mild-to-severe TBI, creating debate about population-specific utility.

CoQ10 (coenzyme Q10) is a critical mitochondrial electron transport chain component and antioxidant depleted in states of oxidative stress, including post-concussion. Animal TBI studies show CoQ10 administration decreases TBI biomarkers, neuronal loss, and mitochondrial damage. A 2024 meta-analysis (2000–2023 literature) identified CoQ10 as among the nutraceuticals showing promise for TBI management alongside creatine and magnesium. Multiple peer-reviewed reviews support its theoretical and preclinical rationale for concussion recovery.

Creatine plays a central role in cerebral energy metabolism and directly addresses the post-concussion 'energy crisis' by replenishing ATP via the phosphocreatine shuttle. A pediatric study by Sakellaris et al. (2006/2008) found creatine supplementation (0.4 g/kg/day for 6 months) in 39 youth with TBI significantly improved cognitive function, self-care, and reduced headache, dizziness, and fatigue versus controls. Multiple systematic reviews, a 2025 U.S. DoD Information Paper, and a 2025 scoping review in JISSN support creatine as a promising adjunct for mTBI recovery.

Creatine monohydrate is the specific form investigated in TBI and concussion clinical trials. It addresses the post-injury ATP deficit in neurons by replenishing the phosphocreatine pool. A 2024 JISSN 2024 narrative review, a 2025 U.S. DoD Information Paper, and a registered 2023 Frontiers in Neurology RCT pilot all specifically name creatine monohydrate as a leading candidate supplement for post-concussive symptom management.

Curcumin, the primary bioactive polyphenol of turmeric, reduces neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and promotes BDNF upregulation — all key targets in concussion recovery. Animal TBI models consistently show curcumin improves cognitive recovery and reduces lesion size. A comprehensive 2024 meta-analysis (2000–2023 literature) identified curcumin alongside omega-3, vitamin D, and B-complex as among the top supplements showing promise in TBI management. A 2022 Frontiers in Nutrition systematic review confirms curcumin's effectiveness in improving neurological and molecular recovery after mTBI.

DHA is the predominant omega-3 fatty acid in the brain and is depleted following traumatic brain injury. A pilot RCT in adolescent athletes found 2 g/day of DHA for 12 weeks shortened symptom resolution by ~4 days and return-to-play by ~5 days versus placebo. Preclinical studies consistently show DHA reduces axonal damage, neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and neuronal death after mTBI. A 2024 U.S. Military information paper and a 2014 peer-reviewed review both identified DHA as the most evidence-supported nutritional intervention for concussion recovery.

EPA is an omega-3 fatty acid studied alongside DHA for concussion and mTBI recovery. It contributes to anti-inflammatory eicosanoid synthesis and cerebral vasodilation. Multiple peer-reviewed reviews and a 2024 U.S. Military narrative review identify EPA+DHA as among the most promising nutritional interventions for reducing neuroinflammation and oxidative stress post-concussion. Clinical studies in contact sport athletes using EPA+DHA combinations show attenuation of axonal injury biomarkers.

Magnesium levels fall acutely after concussion/TBI, and its deficiency exacerbates excitotoxicity and neuronal death. Multiple peer-reviewed reviews identify magnesium as one of the most evidence-supported minerals for TBI recovery improvement in preclinical models and in class III human studies. A 2022 Frontiers in Nutrition systematic review found magnesium supplementation effective in improving neurological and cognitive recovery in mTBI. It stabilizes NMDA receptors, reduces excitotoxicity, and attenuates neuroinflammation.

Melatonin is a pineal hormone that crosses the blood-brain barrier and has documented neuroprotective properties including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and sleep-regulatory effects highly relevant to concussion recovery. A 2018 PMC review synthesized evidence for melatonin after TBI, finding it reduces brain swelling, improves cognition, and alleviates neurological deficits in animal models. A 2024 Nutrients narrative review and a 2025 PubMed review both list melatonin as a key supplement under active clinical investigation for concussion/mTBI management, particularly for post-TBI sleep disruption.

NAC is a precursor to glutathione, the brain's primary antioxidant, and directly counters the oxidative stress surge post-concussion. A military clinical trial of NAC in blast-induced mTBI showed significant symptom reduction. Preclinical studies in two rodent models found NAC administered 30–60 minutes post-injury significantly reversed behavioral deficits associated with TBI. A 2024 Frontiers in Neurology longitudinal clinical study (n=50 chronic mTBI patients) found NAC treatment improved functional MRI connectivity and cognitive performance versus controls.

Omega-3 fatty acids (principally DHA and EPA) are the most researched nutritional intervention for concussion recovery. They reduce neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, and axonal injury marker levels in preclinical and early clinical studies. A 2025 U.S. DoD review and multiple PMC systematic reviews confirm emerging clinical evidence supporting their use after mTBI. A 2023 meta-analysis (Tandfonline) identified omega-3 fatty acids as among the top nutraceuticals with the most promise in TBI management.

Riboflavin (vitamin B2) is a critical coenzyme in mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and ATP production, directly addressing the post-concussion energy deficit. Animal studies show riboflavin improves behavioral outcomes, reduces cerebral edema, and lowers GFAP expression after TBI. A pilot human study found 400 mg/day riboflavin for two weeks within 24 hours of TBI showed significant improvement versus placebo. Multiple 2024 reviews identify riboflavin as one of the B vitamins under active clinical investigation for concussion.

Vitamin D deficiency is common in TBI patients and correlates with worse recovery outcomes. A clinical study found vitamin D supplementation (versus control) significantly improved MMSE scores (p=0.045) and overall recovery rate over 12 weeks after mild-to-moderate TBI. A 2024 Nutritional Neuroscience review confirms vitamin D supplementation improves cognitive function and correlates with better TBI recovery. Multiple systematic reviews classify it as one of the fat-soluble vitamins with the strongest evidence in mTBI nutritional interventions.

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) is the specific bioactive form of vitamin D that crosses the blood-brain barrier and has been evaluated in TBI and mTBI recovery clinical studies. It reduces neuroinflammation, supports BDNF expression, and correlates with improved cognitive and functional outcomes when supplemented post-TBI. The same clinical and mechanistic evidence base applying to vitamin D applies specifically to D3 as it is the predominant form administered in relevant trials.

Zinc deficiency occurs acutely after concussion and is associated with worse outcomes; its correction has improved TBI outcomes in human studies. It protects the blood-brain barrier by supporting metallothionein synthesis and has antioxidant/anti-excitotoxic properties. A 2017 PMC review rated zinc alongside magnesium as having class III clinical evidence for improving TBI outcomes. A 2024 review and 2022 Frontiers review both identified zinc as one of the evidence-supported minerals for mTBI recovery.