Kelp (Laminaria spp. and Related Genera)
1. Identity: Taxonomy, Nomenclature, and Natural Sources
Kelp is a form of seaweed belonging to the order Laminariales that is used as a food and a source of vitamins and minerals, administered as a botanical supplement, and employed in food processing and production of fertilizers. Kelp is not a plant but rather brown algae that grows like a plant in long branches (thalluses) in forests near shorelines. Kelp is a seaweed that grows in nutrient-rich coastal waters in temperate and subtropical zones of the world, and the term refers to several genera of the order Laminariales.
The kelp most commonly found in the United States is Laminaria hyperborea. Kelp is the thallus of brown algae of the genus Laminaria (family Laminariaceae), and dozens of species are common in nature, of which Laminaria japonica (Japanese), Saccharina latissima (sugary), Laminaria digitata, and other "kombu" algae are most often cultivated. These giant algae form underwater "forests," reaching five to six meters in length.
Kelp has multiple uses including as a food, as a colloidal gel in toothpaste and ice cream, as a botanical medication, and as a source of nitrogen and phosphate in fertilizer.
Common Forms and Preparations
When kelp is harvested, it is cut, dried, then ground into powder. It is this powder that is encapsulated or pressed into tablets. Kelp is available in bulk form either dried or as a ground powder. It is also sold as granules, capsules, tablets, or tinctures. Granulated or powdered kelp can be added to food as a salt substitute, and it can also be made into a tea.
A Standard Reference Material (SRM) of seaweed — SRM 3232 Kelp Powder (Thallus laminariae) — has been developed by NIST to support food and dietary supplement measurements, with certified values issued for arsenic, calcium, cadmium, chromium, copper, iron, mercury, iodine, potassium, magnesium, manganese, molybdenum, sodium, lead, and zinc. For the first time in a seaweed, a certified value for iodine, reference values for isomers of vitamin K1, and reference values for arsenic species including arsenosugars were assigned.
2. Traditional and Historical Use
East Asia
Kelp has a long history of medicinal use, primarily for the treatment of goiter-related diseases in ancient prescriptions. Traditional Chinese medicine used hot water extracts of several types of seaweed in the treatment of cancer, and the Japanese and Chinese cultures used seaweed to treat goiter and other glandular problems as long ago as 300 BC.
The largest consumer of kelp has been Japan. The Japanese have incorporated kelp and seaweed into their diets for 1,500 years. During the seventh to ninth centuries, only the Japanese nobility consumed seaweed. In the seventeenth century, Japan began farming seaweed. In Japan, kelp long circulated as the tax equivalent of rice. The Japanese and other Asian cultures used kelp to treat uterine problems, genital tract disorders, and kidney, bladder, and prostate ailments.
Pacific Northwest Indigenous Peoples
The Tlingit used giant kelp to treat earaches and headaches by placing one end of the hollow stalk on a hot, wet rock and the other in the ear; the steam traveled through the tube and relieved the pain. Several species of kelp were used to treat a range of ailments, including headaches, bleeding disorders, and goiters. Before the modern incorporation of iodized table salt into everyday diets, iodine deficiencies were common; the resulting goiters were alleviated by eating kelp. Kelp and other seaweeds had medicinal importance and were often traded inland to treat iodine deficiency and goiter, and included in medicinal steam baths. The Saanich also shaved off pieces of bull kelp holdfasts to make a medicinal tea.
Europe
Kelp (Laminariales) and wrack (Fucales) were the most widely used seaweeds in Europe, partly because of their large contents of iodine, which had an effect in treating certain diseases (e.g., goitrous and scrofulous swellings), mainly related to the lack of iodine in the diet in some regions. These seaweeds were employed in the form of infusions, pills, tinctures, wines, poultices, and ash or charcoal, medicinally known as "aethiops vegetabilis."
The Romans used seaweed in the treatment of wounds, burns, and rashes. In Scotland during the 18th century, physicians used dried seaweed stem to successfully drain abdominal wall abscesses. They also inserted seaweed into the cervix in an attempt to treat dysmenorrhea.
Kelp was also used in Europe and Great Britain as fertilizer to nourish soil and assist plant growth.
Ancient Americas
In 1975, the archaeological remains of a twelve-thousand-year-old human settlement at Monte Verde in Southern Chile were discovered. Among the artifacts preserved in the peat bogs were the clear remains of nine species of marine algae from distant beaches and estuaries. These seaweed relics were confirmed to be used as food and medicine by these ancient people.
3. Key Constituents and Active Compounds
Minerals and Iodine
Kelp is a rich source of vitamins and minerals, and it is an excellent source of dietary iodine. The material is characterized for nutritional minerals, arsenic species, isomers of vitamin K1, proximates, and toxic elements. Seaweed (such as kelp, nori, kombu, and wakame) is one of the best food sources of iodine. The NIH Office of Dietary Supplements recognizes kelp-containing supplements as a distinct category of iodine source. In dietary supplements, iodine is often present as potassium iodide or sodium iodide; supplements containing kelp, a seaweed that contains iodine, are also available.
The iodine concentration of seaweed varies dramatically depending on species, geographic origin, processing methods, and preparation. Brown seaweeds such as kelp (Laminaria species) and kombu may contain iodine concentrations ranging from several hundred micrograms to several thousand micrograms per gram of dry weight. A peer-reviewed analytical study confirmed this range: twelve different species of seaweeds were analyzed for iodine content and found to range from 16 µg/g in nori (Porphyra tenera) to over 8,165 µg/g in one sample of processed kelp granules made from Laminaria digitata.
Polysaccharides
The main groups of biologically active compounds in kelp are polysaccharides (alginic acid, laminarin, mannitol, fucoidan, and others) and minerals (iodine compounds, magnesium, potassium, calcium, iron).
Fucoidan is a sulfated polysaccharide found in the cell wall of brown algae. It has shown a large range of biological activities in basic research, including anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, anti-viral, anti-oxidation, anticoagulant, antithrombotic, anti-angiogenic, and anti-Helicobacter pylori properties. Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides with documented anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties.
Laminarin is a storage β-glucan. Laminaran, a bioactive β-glucan derived from brown algae, has garnered significant attention due to its diverse pharmacological properties, including antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and mucosal protective effects. Laminaran is widely utilized in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, and functional foods due to its antioxidant, immunomodulatory, and anti-inflammatory benefits.
Alginate is a structural polysaccharide. Fucoidan and laminaran are mostly used for their biological activities, while alginates have many applications in the food and medical industries such as thickeners, emulsifiers, stabilizers, and pharmaceutical additives. Alginates consist of (1,4)-linked β-d-mannuronic and α-l-guluronic acids arranged in homogeneous and heterogeneous blocks. Alginates and laminarin are soluble dietary fibers, comprising 40–60% of kelp dry weight, and may support glycemic control and satiety.
Carotenoids and Other Compounds
Fucoxanthin is a carotenoid with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in preclinical studies. Fucoxanthin, a carotenoid pigment found in brown seaweed, has demonstrated anti-obesity effects in animal studies through mechanisms involving increased fat oxidation and thermogenesis.
Arsenic is also present and merits attention as a safety consideration. Kelp contains a large amount of arsenic, which is toxic as inorganic species but much less so as organic species. With the exception of hijiki, most arsenic found in food seaweeds is the organic form, recognized as less toxic than the inorganic form.
4. Mechanisms of Action
Iodine and Thyroid Hormone Synthesis
Iodine is an essential trace element required for the biosynthesis of thyroid hormones (thyroxine, T4, and triiodothyronine, T3). The thyroid gland regulates energy production, growth, and cellular repair, but it cannot function without iodine. Kelp's primary established mechanism of action in humans is therefore the delivery of bioavailable dietary iodine, which supports thyroid hormone production in iodine-deficient states.
Fucoidan: Anti-inflammatory and Anticoagulant Mechanisms
Fucoidan has attracted wide-scale attention from pharmaceutical industries due to its diverse biological activities such as lipid-lowering, anti-atherosclerosis, and anticoagulation. Fucoidan exerts a hypolipidemic effect by increasing the reverse transport of cholesterol, inhibiting lipid synthesis, reducing lipid accumulation, and increasing lipid metabolism.
Fucoidan may oppose tumor cell proliferation and the growth or metastasis of tumors by inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis, based on in vitro and animal studies.
Alginate: Gel-forming and Glycemic Effects
Pre-prandial intake of sodium alginate by normal, overweight, and obese individuals showed reduced mean daily intake of sugar, carbohydrate, protein, fat, and saturated fat as well as decreased mean daily energy intake by 7%, indicating a potentially beneficial role of the gelling properties of sodium alginate formulation in managing obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The strong-gelling property of alginate consumed as a drink selectively restored the uptake of glucose and cholesterol in overweight and obese individuals to the levels normally observed in healthy subjects.
Laminarin: Immunomodulatory Effects
Crude laminarin and fucoidan samples exhibited higher antioxidant activity than purified samples and commercial standards; similarly, the crude extracts showed stronger anti-inflammatory and antidiabetic effects compared to purified samples. These findings are from in vitro cell-based assays and do not represent confirmed human clinical mechanisms.
5. Scientific Evidence by Area of Use
5.1 Thyroid Function and Iodine Status
The most rigorously studied human application of kelp supplementation is its effect on thyroid function, mediated via iodine delivery.
A pivotal double-blind, prospective clinical trial examined kelp's effects on thyroid hormones in euthyroid (normal thyroid function) subjects. The study involved 36 healthy euthyroid subjects randomly assigned to receive placebo (4 alfalfa capsules per day), low-dose kelp (2 kelp capsules and 2 alfalfa capsules per day), or high-dose kelp (4 kelp capsules per day) for 4 weeks. Thyrotropin (TSH), free thyroxine, and total triiodothyronine were assessed at weeks 0, 4, and 6. Response to thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation, urinary iodine excretion, and basal metabolic rate were determined at weeks 0 and 4.
TSH concentrations did not differ significantly between week 0 and week 4 in the placebo group (P = 0.16) but increased significantly in both the low-dose kelp (P = 0.04) and high-dose kelp (P = 0.002) groups. Free thyroxine concentrations decreased slightly but significantly after 4 weeks of placebo but were unchanged in the low-dose and high-dose kelp groups.
The thyrotropin-releasing hormone stimulation test showed a significantly increased response after high-dose kelp therapy (P = 0.0002). The 24-hour urinary iodine excretion showed dose-dependent increases in the two kelp study groups. All thyroid laboratory values returned to baseline 2 weeks after cessation of kelp supplementation, except for TSH in the high-dose kelp group, which was significantly decreased.
Collectively, short-term dietary supplementation with kelp significantly increases both basal and poststimulation TSH, findings that corroborate previous studies on the effects of supplemental iodide given to euthyroid subjects for a similar period.
In euthyroid patients, especially those with chronic thyroiditis, substantial kelp use may be associated with significant increases in TSH levels. No clinical data exist to support the preferential use of stable iodine, kelp, or other iodine-containing functional foods in the management of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient regions unless iodine deficiency is strongly suspected and confirmed.
Evidence strength: There is good clinical evidence (randomized controlled trial) that kelp supplementation alters TSH and urinary iodine in iodine-replete euthyroid adults. Evidence for clinical benefit in treating hypothyroidism is lacking.
5.2 Body Composition and Weight Management
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled intervention study investigated whether iodine-reduced kelp powder could reduce body fat in overweight Japanese adults. The study was conducted in 50 Japanese subjects with BMI ≥25 and <30 kg/m²; subjects were randomly assigned to consume thirty tablets per day containing either iodine-reduced kelp powder (6 g kelp powder corresponding to 3 g alginate per day) or kelp-free powder (placebo) for 8 weeks. Body fat percentage was significantly decreased in male subjects from the test group compared with the placebo group; the same tendency was observed for body weight (p = 0.065) and BMI (p = 0.072) in male subjects.
Regarding fucoxanthin specifically, human studies have been few and have produced inconsistent results. A small clinical trial suggested modest improvements in body composition, but the effect sizes were small and clinical significance was questionable. These findings cannot be reliably generalized to the variable kelp supplements available commercially.
Evidence strength: Preliminary. A small RCT (50 subjects) found sex-specific effects; results are not generalizable, and the formulation used (iodine-reduced, alginate-standardized) differs from most commercial kelp supplements.
5.3 Glycemic Control and Diabetes
Several studies showed contradictory results on the effect of alginate on induction of satiety feeling and energy intake in human subjects; these discrepancies between the different studies can be attributed to experimental design.
In terms of alginate's role in glycemia, pre-prandial intake of sodium alginate by normal, overweight, and obese individuals showed reduced mean daily energy intake by 7%, indicating a potentially beneficial role of the gelling properties of sodium alginate in managing obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.
A variety of studies have shown fucoidan's potential as possessing anti-diabetic capabilities; some in vitro studies have characterized fucoidan's ability to reverse the classical symptoms of diabetes and related metabolic syndromes. However, rigorous human clinical trials specific to kelp's anti-diabetic effects remain very limited.
Evidence strength: Preliminary to weak for kelp as a whole supplement. Alginate-specific human data show modest glycemic effects but are inconsistent. Fucoidan's anti-diabetic evidence is predominantly in vitro.
5.4 Cardiovascular Health
Fucoidan has attracted wide-scale attention from the pharmaceutical industry due to its diverse biological activities such as lipid-lowering, anti-atherosclerosis, and anticoagulation, and this review clarifies the pharmacological effects of fucoidan in the treatment of human cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases.
A 2023 meta-analysis found that brown seaweed consumption was associated with reductions in total and LDL cholesterol. A 2023 meta-analysis found that brown seaweed consumption significantly lowered total and LDL ("bad") cholesterol. Additionally, the carbohydrate fucoidan has shown anticoagulant properties, while certain peptides may help block pathways that elevate blood pressure.
Evidence strength: Preliminary to moderate for lipid effects from whole brown seaweed, though specific kelp RCT data are limited. Anticoagulant activity of fucoidan is predominantly established in vitro and in animal models; human clinical data are limited.
5.5 Anticancer Properties
The anticancer activity of fucoidan has been widely researched and the earliest research reports appeared in the 1980s. A large number of experiments show that fucoidan may oppose tumor cell proliferation and the growth or metastasis of tumors by inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting angiogenesis. Reviews summarize fucoidan's anti-cancer therapeutic potential as a natural marine drug based on recent advances from in vitro and in vivo experiments.
The effects of laminarin and fucoidan on cancer cells have also been investigated using 2D monolayer cell cultures and a 3D tumor sphere model. This was described as the first study to investigate laminarin and fucoidan extracts for the induction of cytotoxicity in 3D tumor spheroids. The cancer cells used were resistant to the cellular stresses and agents/drugs/samples provided, consistent with mechanisms of cancer drug resistance.
Evidence strength: Preclinical only. The anti-cancer evidence for kelp polysaccharides (fucoidan, laminarin) is restricted almost entirely to in vitro and animal studies. No rigorous human clinical trials establish an anti-cancer benefit for kelp or its isolated polysaccharides.
5.6 Immunomodulation and Gut Microbiota
One study investigated the therapeutic potential of kelp fucoidan on the gut microbiota and immune homeostasis of cyclophosphamide-induced immunosuppressed mice. An immunosuppressive mouse model was established, followed by administration of various kelp fucoidan doses (low-dose: 50 mg/(kg·bw)/d, medium-dose: 100 mg/(kg·bw)/d, and high-dose: 150 mg/(kg·bw)/d) to the experimental groups. Results indicate that kelp fucoidan significantly improved the thymus and spleen indices in immunosuppressed mice (p < 0.05) and elevated serum levels of IgM, IgG, and IL-4.
Evidence strength: Preclinical (animal model) only. No human clinical trials specifically addressing kelp's immunomodulatory effects have been identified.
6. Body Systems and Health Areas Associated with Kelp
- Endocrine / Thyroid system: Primary documented human effect — modulation of TSH and thyroid hormone levels through iodine supply.
- Cardiovascular system: Fucoidan's anticoagulant, antithrombotic, and lipid-modulating properties demonstrated in preclinical and limited human research.
- Gastrointestinal / Metabolic system: Alginate-mediated effects on satiety, gut viscosity, and glycemic response; laminarin's prebiotic potential in animal models.
- Immune system: Fucoidan and laminarin immunomodulatory effects in animal models.
- Oncology (preclinical only): Fucoidan-related pro-apoptotic, anti-angiogenic activity in vitro and in animal models.
- Body composition: Alginate-based kelp preparation associated with reduced body fat percentage in a small RCT in males.
7. Dosage Forms and Reported Dosages
Kelp is available in bulk form either dried or as a ground powder. It is also sold as granules, capsules, tablets, or tinctures. Granulated or powdered kelp can be added to food as a salt substitute, and kelp can be made into a tea.
Dosages used in identified clinical studies:
- In a 4-week double-blind trial in 36 euthyroid subjects, subjects received placebo (4 alfalfa capsules per day), low-dose kelp (2 kelp capsules and 2 alfalfa capsules per day), or high-dose kelp (4 kelp capsules per day).
- In an 8-week RCT in 50 overweight Japanese subjects, subjects consumed thirty tablets per day (10 tablets orally, 3 times per day) containing either iodine-reduced kelp powder (6 g kelp powder corresponding to 3 g alginate per day) or kelp-free powder (placebo).
- In an animal study, various kelp fucoidan doses were used: low-dose 50 mg/(kg·bw)/d, medium-dose 100 mg/(kg·bw)/d, and high-dose 150 mg/(kg·bw)/d. (Animal study only — no human equivalent dosage validated.)
Regarding regulatory guidance on iodine from kelp: The FDA states that a kelp supplement should not provide more than 225 µg of iodine per daily serving; ConsumerLab testing found 530 µg to 960 µg per daily serving in products that failed its quality testing.
8. Safety Considerations and Interactions
Thyroid Dysfunction
A published case report describes thyroid dysfunction following the ingestion of a kelp-containing marketed diet in a 45-year-old woman with no previous thyroid disease. Signs of hyperthyroidism occurred shortly after the kelp-containing diet; hyperthyroidism lasted 2 months and was followed by overt hypothyroidism. After 3 months of levothyroxine substitutive therapy, normal thyroid function was recovered. This clinical history is compatible with iodine-induced thyrotoxicosis followed by prolonged block of the sodium–iodide symporter activity as a consequence of excessive iodine consumption from kelp.
A 54-year-old woman with hypothyroidism who was not taking levothyroxine consumed excessive iodine (2,730 mcg/day) from supplements including kelp for 11 days. Her TSH increased from 8.4 to 21.3 mU/mL. She was hospitalized with altered mental state, combativeness, screaming spells, slow heart rate, and low blood pressure, and symptoms improved after IV levothyroxine.
Preparations of kelp are generally recognized as safe, and there is no evidence that they can cause elevations in liver-related enzymes or clinically apparent liver injury.
Iodine Content Variability
In a Norwegian market survey, the iodine content in one portion of wholefood macroalgae products ranged from 128 to 62,400 µg; in macroalgae-containing foods from 30 to 25,300 µg per portion; and in supplements from 5 to 5,600 µg per daily dose. The species with the highest iodine content were oarweed, sugar kelp, and kombu. For 54 products, intake of one portion or dose would exceed the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for iodine.
The iodine content in included products was variable and for most products high, exceeding the tolerable upper intake level if consumed as a serving or portion size. The labelling of macroalgae species included, and declaration of iodine content, were inadequate or inaccurate for several products. Macroalgae-containing products are unreliable iodine sources, and inclusion of such products in the diet may pose a risk of consuming excessive amounts of iodine.
Arsenic Contamination
Kelp can accumulate arsenic from seawater, with Laminaria digitata showing the highest levels among seaweed species tested. This is a particular concern for pregnant and nursing women (arsenic crosses the placenta), long-term kelp supplement users, and people consuming whole kelp products rather than standardized extracts.
The concentrations of heavy metals in edible seaweed are generally below toxic levels; however, levels of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and copper (Cu) may exceed toxic levels. Clinical investigators have expressed the opinion that symptoms in a published case were more likely from arsenic found in a kelp supplement rather than from iodine, and this case raises legitimate concerns about arsenic toxicosis from commercially available kelp supplements that warrant further testing.
The nature of arsenic in kelp is contested: arsenic is commonly found in seaweeds used as food; with the exception of hijiki, most arsenic found in food seaweeds is the organic form, recognized as less toxic than the inorganic form.
Interactions with Medications
Kelp contains several bioactive compounds beyond iodine with potential health implications. Fucoidans are sulfated polysaccharides with documented anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties, which implies a potential interaction with anticoagulant or antiplatelet medications, though formal drug-interaction studies in humans are limited.
Kelp also contains isomers of vitamin K1, which is relevant for individuals taking vitamin K antagonist anticoagulants such as warfarin.
Regarding iodine-drug interactions with thyroid medications: in euthyroid patients, especially those with chronic thyroiditis, substantial kelp use may be associated with significant increases in TSH levels. No clinical data exist to support the preferential use of stable iodine, kelp, or other iodine-containing functional foods in the management of hypothyroidism in iodine-sufficient regions unless iodine deficiency is strongly suspected and confirmed.
Product Quality and Labeling Concerns
ConsumerLab selected six popular kelp supplements sold in the US and Canada and tested their quality. ConsumerLab found that half contained approximately twice the amount of iodine listed on their labels, and one of these products was also contaminated with arsenic, a toxic heavy metal.
There is a challenge in knowing what species is in a supplement. Five different species of brown seaweed have been identified in products marketed as "kelp" food supplements, which is significant given the variation in iodine content between species. Some supplements do not even declare the species.
References
- LiverTox: Kelp — NCBI Bookshelf, NIH (2024)
- Development of a Kelp Powder (Thallus laminariae) Standard Reference Material — PMC/NIH (2018)
- Effects of Kelp Supplementation on Thyroid Function in Euthyroid Subjects — PubMed (2003)
- Effects of Kelp Supplementation on Thyroid Function in Euthyroid Subjects — Endocrine Practice, ScienceDirect
- Thyroid Dysfunction Following a Kelp-Containing Marketed Diet — PMC/NIH (2014)
- Effects of Daily Kelp (Laminaria japonica) Intake on Body Composition, Serum Lipid Levels, and Thyroid Hormone Levels in Healthy Japanese Adults — PMC/NIH (2021)
- The Anti-Cancer Effects of Fucoidan: A Review — PMC/NIH (2020)
- Biological Properties and Health-Promoting Functions of Laminarin: A Comprehensive Review — PMC/NIH (2022)
- Advancements in the Extraction, Characterization, and Bioactive Potential of Laminaran — PMC/NIH (2025)
- Structures, Properties and Applications of Alginates — PMC/NIH (2022)
- Therapeutic Effects of Fucoidan: A Review on Recent Studies — PMC/NIH (2019)
- Investigation of Biological Activity of Fucoidan and Laminarin from Irish Brown Macroalgae — PMC/NIH (2024)
- Therapeutic Potential of Kelp Fucoidan in Rebiosis of Gut Microflora — PMC/NIH (2025)
- Potential Bioactive Compounds from Seaweed for Diabetes Management — PMC/NIH (2015)
- Arsenic in Herbal Kelp Supplements: Schenker et al. Respond — PMC/NIH
- Safe Use of Herbal Kelp Supplements — PMC/NIH
- Organic versus Inorganic Arsenic in Herbal Kelp Supplements — PMC/NIH
- Iodine Bioavailability and Accumulation of Arsenic and Cadmium in Rats Fed Sugar Kelp — PMC/NIH (2022)
- Commercially Available Kelp and Seaweed Products — Valuable Iodine Source or Risk of Excess Intake? — PMC/NIH (2021)
- Variability of Iodine Content in Common Commercially Available Edible Seaweeds — PubMed (2004)
- Iodine — Health Professional Fact Sheet, NIH Office of Dietary Supplements
- Caution with Kelp Supplements: May Contain Too Much Iodine — ConsumerLab.com (2017)
- From Ancient Prescriptions to Multiple Industries: Resource Potential and Multidisciplinary Applications of Kelp — ScienceDirect (2025)
- Saved by Seaweeds (II): Traditional Knowledge, Home Remedies, Medicine, Surgery, and Pharmacopoeia — Journal of Applied Phycology (2023)
- Application of Fucoidan as Treatment for Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases — Therapeutic Advances in Chronic Disease (2022)
- Effects of Supplementation with Microalgae Extract Containing Fucoxanthin in Overweight Women — PMC/NIH (2024)
- Modern Approaches to the Analysis of Kelp — Pharmacognosy Journal
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