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Acetyl-L-carnitine (ALC) is the acetylated form of L-carnitine highly concentrated in the testis and epididymis. When combined with L-carnitine, multiple RCTs have found significant improvements in sperm concentration, total and forward motility, and morphology. A 2022 network meta-analysis ranked the LC+LAC combination among the top antioxidant treatments for sperm morphology and motility.

Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is a universal antioxidant active in both aqueous and lipid compartments, regenerating vitamins C and E and supporting glutathione synthesis. A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of RCTs found ALA was the only standalone supplement to significantly improve normal sperm morphology vs. placebo. It also protects sperm mitochondria and DNA from oxidative damage.

Human clinical evidence shows A. galanga (and closely related A. officinarum) improves sperm motility, count, and morphology. A prospective double-blind RCT (Kolangi et al., Andrologia 2019) and a double-blind PLoS ONE trial (Fedder et al., 2014) using galangal rhizome showed significant improvements in spermatogram parameters.

Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera) is a foundational Ayurvedic herb used for over 3,000 years to treat male sexual dysfunction and infertility. A placebo-controlled RCT in 46 oligospermic men found 675 mg/day for 90 days produced a 167% increase in sperm count, 53% increase in semen volume, and 57% increase in motility vs. placebo. A 2026 Frontiers RCT in healthy men confirmed approximately 33–87% improvements in semen parameters.

D-aspartic acid is found endogenously in human seminal plasma and spermatozoa, with significantly lower concentrations in infertile men. Human observational and early interventional data, plus animal studies, support a role in spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and fertilizing capacity. A 2024 RCT found DAA combined with ubiquinol and zinc significantly improved progressive sperm motility in infertile men.

Small clinical trials show astaxanthin may improve sperm motility and reduce semen oxidative stress in infertile men, with one RCT (n=30, 16 mg/day, 3 months) reporting a 54.5% pregnancy rate vs. 10.5% placebo. However, a 2026 systematic review and meta-analysis of 3 human RCTs found no statistically significant improvement in semen parameters overall, indicating mixed and low-certainty human evidence.

Icariin and its metabolite icariside II restore Sertoli cell function, improve sperm count and viability, and enhance testicular testosterone and estradiol in preclinical aging and chemotoxicity models. Animal data show ICA can activate ERK1/2 signaling to improve sperm quality. Epimedium has a traditional TCM indication for male reproductive deficiency and impotence.

Antioxidant therapy using mixed tocopherol preparations including gamma-tocopherol has been studied for improving sperm quality in infertile men with high reactive oxygen species in semen. A mouse study showed a gamma-tocopherol-rich mixture with ascorbic acid restored fertility in subfertile males with oxidative sperm damage. Reactive oxygen species impair sperm motility, morphology, and DNA integrity in 25–87% of infertile patients, and tocopherols are among the antioxidant interventions under investigation.

A systematic review of 24 studies (including RCTs) found N. sativa improved sperm parameters, semen fluid, and testosterone in men. An RCT in infertile men with abnormal morphology demonstrated improved sperm count and motility. TQ promotes spermatogenesis and LH-stimulated testosterone production.

Bovine liver contains zinc, selenium, vitamin A, B12, and CoQ10 — nutrients with documented roles in spermatogenesis, sperm motility, and testosterone production. An observational cohort study found men who consumed organ meats had 40–53% higher sperm count and concentration. CoQ10 meta-analyses show significant improvements in sperm motility, count, and morphology.

A double-blind RCT in varicocele patients (n=80, 400 mg LBP extract, 2 months) demonstrated significant improvements in sperm count, motility, morphology, and testosterone, alongside reduced oxidative stress markers. Multiple animal studies confirm LBP improves spermatogenesis and sperm parameters. TCM documents boxthorn for male infertility and sperm production.

Broomrape (Orobanchaceae family, including Cistanche tubulosa also known as broomrape) has preclinical scientific evidence supporting effects on sperm quality and male reproductive function. Animal studies demonstrate improved sperm count, motility, and testosterone via steroidogenic enzyme upregulation. The ethnopharmacological literature also documents longstanding traditional use of Orobanche spp. against spermatorrhea and infertility.

Chrysin inhibits aromatase (CYP19), the enzyme that converts testosterone to estradiol, and also upregulates StAR gene expression in Leydig cells to stimulate testicular steroidogenesis. Rodent studies show increased testosterone, improved sperm count and motility. However, a small human study (21 days, propolis/honey) found no change in urinary testosterone, suggesting poor bioavailability limits in vivo effects in humans.

CoQ10 is concentrated in sperm mitochondria and acts as both an energy promoter and antioxidant for flagellar movement. Multiple RCTs and a 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis found CoQ10 supplementation significantly increases total sperm count, total and progressive motility, and normal morphology while raising serum testosterone and inhibin B. Standard clinical doses are 100–300 mg/day for 3–6 months.

Cordyceps (Cordyceps sinensis/militaris) is a medicinal fungus used for over 2,000 years in TCM to tonify kidney yang and enhance male reproductive function. Active cordycepin enhances testosterone biosynthesis via StAR protein upregulation in Leydig cells. Multiple animal studies and systematic review evidence in phytotherapy support its use for improving sperm count and motility.

Multiple prospective human clinical studies demonstrate that M. pruriens seed powder (5 g/day for 3 months) significantly increases sperm concentration, motility, and seminal antioxidant levels in infertile men. One study showed up to 688% improvement in sperm concentration in oligozoospermic patients.

Alpha-tocopherol is a major antioxidant in sperm membranes, protecting against lipid peroxidation-induced damage to sperm DNA, motility, and viability. Multiple clinical studies show supplementation in infertile men improves sperm motility and quality, with some evidence of increased pregnancy rates.

D-Aspartic acid (D-Asp) is an endogenous amino acid found in high concentrations in the testis and pituitary that stimulates LH and testosterone release. A clinical study of 60 subfertile men found that 2.66 g/day sodium D-aspartate for 90 days significantly increased sperm concentration (2-fold in oligoasthenozoospermic patients) and motility, with 27% of partners becoming pregnant. A 2025 RCT confirmed significant improvements in progressive sperm motility vs. placebo.

DHA is the most abundant omega-3 in sperm plasma membranes and is specifically essential for flagellar motility, capacitation, and the acrosome reaction. Low testicular and seminal DHA is a recognized marker of asthenozoospermia. An RCT of 238 infertile men found DHA 1.84 g/day for 32 weeks significantly improved sperm motility, concentration, and morphology vs. placebo.

DHA is the principal polyunsaturated fatty acid in human sperm membranes and is critical for sperm motility, vitality, and morphology. DHA is significantly reduced in idiopathic infertile men compared to fertile controls. Dietary DHA supplementation improves seminal antioxidant status and decreases sperm DNA fragmentation in clinical trials.

Cuscuta chinensis has multiple preclinical studies demonstrating significant improvements in sperm count, motility, and viability, and its inclusion in clinical TCM formulas for oligoasthenospermia is well-documented. A 2021 network pharmacology study with in vivo validation showed C. chinensis improves sperm count and viability via the PI3K/Akt pathway. A clinical study using a TCM formula containing C. chinensis found significantly better sperm concentration and morphology in users versus non-users.

DPA is a structural component of sperm phospholipid membranes and accumulates in sperm during epididymal maturation, contributing to membrane fluidity and motility. Higher seminal plasma DPA levels have been shown to attenuate the negative impact of endocrine-disrupting chemicals on sperm motility parameters in a human cohort study. DPA stabilizes sperm membrane integrity and mitochondrial function in preclinical models.

EGCG protects sperm from oxidative DNA damage, reduces sperm deformity, inhibits spermatogenic cell apoptosis, and at low concentrations improves sperm motility and capacitation. Addition of EGCG to thawed sperm for IVF after chemotherapy significantly increased penetration and fertilization rates in human studies.

Eurycoma longifolia (Tongkat Ali) is a Southeast Asian plant used traditionally as a sexual tonic and male fertility enhancer. A clinical study of 75 men with idiopathic infertility receiving 200 mg/day found significant improvements in sperm motility, concentration, volume, and morphology, with 11 spontaneous pregnancies. A 2017 systematic review rated it with moderate evidence for testosterone improvement and seminal parameter enhancement.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) has traditional use in Ayurveda and as a culinary herb for male reproductive health. A clinical study with FurosapTM fenugreek seed extract in healthy male volunteers found improvements in free testosterone and sperm profile. A 2017 systematic review rated fenugreek among botanicals with the strongest evidence for testosterone improvement and seminal parameter enhancement.

DHA is a major structural component of sperm membranes (~25–35% of total sperm phospholipid fatty acids) and is essential for acrosome formation, sperm motility, and morphology. A 2018 systematic review and meta-analysis found omega-3 supplementation significantly improved sperm concentration and total motility versus controls. A JAMA Network Open study linked fish oil supplementation with improved reproductive hormone levels and semen quality in men.

Folic acid is essential for DNA synthesis and repair during spermatogenesis. Subfertile men with low folate show increased sperm DNA fragmentation. Combined zinc+folic acid supplementation improved sperm concentration in some RCTs. However, a large NIH-funded RCT (n=2,370) found no improvement in live birth rates with combined zinc+folic acid vs. placebo, indicating benefits may be limited to folate-deficient men.

Clinical evaluations of shilajit (containing fulvic acid) in men with oligospermia reported a 61.4% increase in total sperm count and improved motility. A 90-day RCT showed significant increases in total testosterone, free testosterone, and DHEAS in healthy men aged 45–55.

A double-blind RCT (n=100 infertile men) found that 500 mg/day ginger powder for 3 months significantly reduced sperm DNA fragmentation (SDF) compared to placebo (p=0.02). A systematic review confirmed ginger enhances sperm count, viability, motility, morphology, and DNA integrity via antioxidant and androgenic mechanisms.

Panax ginseng has centuries of use in East Asian medicine as a male reproductive tonic. An RCT (n=90 infertile men) found standardized ginseng extract 1,800 mg/day for 12 weeks significantly improved sperm count, motility, and testosterone vs. placebo. Ginsenosides enhance NO production, support Leydig cell testosterone synthesis, and protect testicular tissue from oxidative stress.

Goji berry has been used in TCM as a male fertility enhancer for thousands of years, and modern studies support improvements in sperm count, motility, and quality. A Chinese trial in 42 infertile men given daily goji berry for 2 months reported normalization of sperm counts in 33 participants. Animal studies confirm LBP protects against heat- and toxin-induced testicular damage and improves reproductive hormones.

Aescin from HCSE has been evaluated in a clinical trial for varicocele-associated male infertility. A controlled study in 219 Chinese men found that 60 mg/day oral aescin for two months improved sperm density and motility compared to controls. The venotonic action of aescin on the spermatic vein is proposed as the mechanism.

Myo-inositol is concentrated in the testes and seminal fluid, where it plays a signaling role in sperm maturation, acrosome reaction, motility, and zona pellucida binding. Double-blind RCTs show significant improvements in sperm concentration, progressive motility, and acrosome reaction with myo-inositol versus placebo. DNA fragmentation is also reduced with supplementation.

L-arginine is a precursor to nitric oxide (NO) in the male reproductive tract, where physiological NO supports sperm capacitation and motility. Early controlled clinical studies showed improvements in sperm count and motility with L-arginine supplementation. It has been included in multi-ingredient fertility formulas showing sperm motility improvements in men with asthenozoospermia.

L-carnitine is highly concentrated in the epididymis and is critical for sperm energy metabolism and motility. Multiple RCTs and meta-analyses demonstrate that L-carnitine (alone or with acetyl-L-carnitine) significantly improves sperm motility and morphology in infertile men. A 2022 network meta-analysis found L-carnitine ranked highest among antioxidants for improving sperm morphology vs. placebo.

L-Citrulline improves erectile function by boosting NO-mediated penile vasodilation, with small randomized trials demonstrating improvements in erection hardness and IIEF scores at doses of 1.5–3 g/day. The citrulline–arginine–NO pathway is also physiologically important in testicular and seminal plasma function, with animal studies showing improved sperm motility and density, though dedicated large human sperm-parameter trials are lacking.

NAC (L-cysteine precursor) has been studied in multiple RCTs for male infertility, showing improvements in sperm concentration, motility, and DNA integrity by reducing oxidative stress in seminal plasma. A 2016 RCT in men with clinical varicocele found NAC significantly improved sperm concentration and clinical pregnancy rate (33% vs 10% for placebo).

Seminal glutathione levels correlate positively with sperm motility, morphology, and concentration in infertile men. GSH deficiency leads to instability of the sperm midpiece, defective motility, and increased DNA fragmentation. Clinical studies show glutathione supplementation can improve sperm quality in men with varicocele or genital tract inflammation.

Lycopene is a carotenoid antioxidant that accumulates in the testes and seminal plasma, where it protects sperm from ROS-induced DNA fragmentation. An RCT in men undergoing ICSI found a 6 mg lycopene-containing multi-antioxidant supplement produced significantly higher viable pregnancy rates (38.5% vs. 16%; P=0.03). Systematic reviews consistently list lycopene among antioxidants with beneficial effects on sperm parameters.

Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is a Peruvian plant used by Andean populations for 1,300–2,000 years to promote fertility and reproductive function. A double-blind RCT in healthy men found sperm concentration and motility showed rising trends vs. placebo at 12 weeks. A 2022 systematic review of 5 RCTs found mixed but generally positive results for sperm parameters in infertile men, with traditional use well-documented.

Cobalamin, particularly via MeCbl, plays a role in male reproductive function. Studies show significantly lower seminal plasma cobalamin concentrations in azoospermic men versus normozoospermic men. A clinical trial found that 1,500 mcg/day of methylcobalamin for 4–24 weeks resulted in improvements in sperm parameters in infertile males, though the study had methodological limitations.

Morinda officinalis bajijiasu, oligosaccharides, and polysaccharides have been shown in animal studies to enhance sperm motility, count, and morphology; increase testosterone levels; and protect human sperm DNA from oxidative damage. Polysaccharides activate the SIRT1/PGC-1α pathway in Leydig cells to promote testosterone secretion.

N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) is a precursor to glutathione and a direct antioxidant that protects sperm from oxidative stress-induced damage. A meta-analysis of 3 RCTs (n=431 infertile men) found NAC supplementation significantly improved sperm numbers, motility, and morphology. When combined with selenium in a 4-arm RCT, it significantly improved all semen parameters with dose-dependent correlations.

Omega-3 fatty acids (DHA+EPA) are major structural components of sperm plasma membranes essential for motility and the acrosome reaction. A 2019 systematic review identified EPA+DHA as one of the most evidence-supported supplements for improving the spermiogram in infertile men. Low seminal DHA is a consistent marker of poor sperm motility.

Retinoic acid derived from vitamin A palmitate is essential for spermatogenesis; vitamin A deficiency causes cessation of sperm production. The mechanism is well-documented through nuclear retinoid receptor signaling in Sertoli and germ cells.

Clinical studies show Pycnogenol, alone or combined with L-arginine (as Prelox), improves sperm morphology, motility, and count in subfertile men. The percentage of morphologically normal spermatozoa increased by 99% in one study. Mechanisms involve antioxidant protection of spermatozoa and enhanced nitric oxide signaling.

Animal studies (rat models) demonstrate pomegranate juice improves sperm motility, concentration, and reduces sperm DNA oxidative damage. Limited human data exist, but pomegranate's antioxidant mechanisms are biologically plausible for protecting spermatozoa from oxidative stress. Reviews identify pomegranate as having spermatogenic properties.

Clinical studies of Prunus africana (pygeum) bark extract have noted increased seminal fluid volume as a positive secondary finding in BPH trials. This is mechanistically consistent with reduced prostatic inflammation improving accessory gland secretion. The evidence is secondary to BPH trials rather than dedicated fertility RCTs, but the finding is documented in clinical literature.

Pumpkin seeds are a concentrated source of zinc and antioxidants that support sperm quality and reproductive hormone levels. Animal studies demonstrate improvements in sperm count, motility, and testosterone levels. The zinc-sperm quality link is well-established in human nutritional science, though direct human RCTs using pumpkin seeds as the sole intervention are limited.

Quercetin is a flavonoid antioxidant that activates the Nrf2/HO-1 antioxidant pathway in testicular tissue, chelates heavy metals, and protects sperm from oxidative stress-induced DNA damage. Animal studies consistently demonstrate protection of sperm parameters from multiple toxic insults. Clinical combination supplement evidence and inclusion in evidence-reviewed fertility protocols supports its relevance to male fertility.

Resveratrol activates SIRT1/AMPK pathways in testicular tissue, protecting sperm from oxidative stress and supporting testosterone synthesis. Multiple animal studies document improvements in sperm count, motility, and morphology. A pilot human study reported improvements in sperm quality markers. It is particularly studied for protective effects against environmental toxin-induced and heat-induced spermatogenic damage.

Animal studies consistently show RJ protects sperm parameters, motility, and testosterone levels under oxidative stress conditions. One small uncontrolled human study found improved testosterone and sperm parameters in infertile men taking 1,000 mg/day. Evidence is primarily preclinical; no placebo-controlled RCT in humans exists.

Small RCTs and a systematic review/meta-analysis show saffron can improve sperm morphology and motility in infertile men, likely via its antioxidant reduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) damage to sperm DNA. Sperm count is not significantly affected. Evidence is limited by small study numbers and mixed results across trials.

Selenium is an essential trace element required for testosterone biosynthesis and the structural integrity of sperm via selenoproteins including PHGPx (expressed in sperm midpiece). RCTs show selenium supplementation (alone or combined with NAC) significantly improves sperm count, motility, and morphology in infertile men. A 2025 systematic review confirmed selenium improved sperm motility vs. placebo.

Selenomethionine supports male fertility by supplying selenium for selenoprotein synthesis in testicular tissue, particularly GPX4 (PHGPx), which is essential for sperm structural integrity and motility. Clinical trials in infertile men have shown L-selenomethionine supplementation (100–200 µg/day) increases sperm motility. A 2025 comprehensive review supports the potential benefit of selenium supplementation for improving male infertility, particularly sperm motility.

A clinical trial (PMC, PMID 23930112) in 25 infertile men found that 0.5 mg/kg sesame for 3 months significantly improved sperm count and motility. High seminal reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a major cause of male infertility, and sesame's antioxidant activity is the proposed mechanism. Evidence is limited to one small open-label trial but is published in peer-reviewed literature.

Shilajit is a mineral-rich resinous substance classified in Ayurveda as a rasayana with specific indications for male reproductive enhancement. A placebo-controlled RCT (n=60 oligozoospermic men) found purified shilajit 100 mg twice daily for 90 days significantly improved total sperm count (+61%), sperm motility (+37%), and normal morphology (+19%) vs. placebo.

Animal studies show P. paniculata and related Pfaffia species modulate testosterone and reproductive parameters in male rodents, though results are mixed. One study noted elevated testosterone; another on P. glomerata showed altered testicular microstructure with hydroalcoholic extract at higher doses. No human fertility studies exist.

Taurine is present in high concentrations in the testes and epididymis, where it supports spermatogenesis, preserves sperm motility and viability through antioxidant and osmoregulatory mechanisms, and modulates the hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular axis. Evidence is primarily from animal models with mechanistic support.

Homocysteine accumulation in seminal plasma is associated with impaired sperm function; TMG's ability to reduce homocysteine provides the primary clinical rationale for its use in male fertility. A crossover RCT in healthy male athletes showed TMG at 2.5–5 g/day significantly increased total testosterone. Animal studies (roosters under heat stress) show betaine restores sperm concentration, motility, and fertility rates. Direct human sperm-quality RCT evidence remains limited.

A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of four clinical trials found lycopene supplementation significantly improved sperm concentration and nonprogressive motility in men. The mechanism involves reduction of ROS-induced oxidative damage to sperm DNA and membranes. Evidence remains preliminary due to small trial numbers.

Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia) is a Southeast Asian plant used for centuries as a male sexual tonic and fertility enhancer. A clinical study of 75 infertile men found 200 mg/day significantly improved sperm count, motility, volume, and morphology with 11 spontaneous pregnancies. Multiple systematic reviews rate it with moderate evidence for testosterone and seminal parameter improvements.

Clinical trials and a systematic review report that tribulus generally improves sperm count, motility, and morphology in men with idiopathic infertility. The plant is one of the few herbs with evidence in both preclinical and clinical human fertility contexts for men.

Tribulus terrestris has centuries of traditional use in Ayurveda and Traditional Chinese Medicine for male reproductive health. A double-blind clinical study of 65 infertile men receiving 250 mg extract daily reported significant improvements in sperm concentration and motility. A 2017 systematic review noted evidence for improvement of seminal parameters, though evidence for testosterone elevation is weak.

Multiple RCTs and retrospective clinical studies specifically using ubiquinol have demonstrated significant improvements in sperm density, motility, and morphology in infertile men. A key double-blind RCT in 228 infertile men (200 mg/day for 26 weeks) found significant improvements across all three primary semen parameters. Ubiquinol is concentrated in spermatozoa and supports mitochondria-dependent sperm motility.

Velvet bean (Mucuna pruriens) is an Ayurvedic herb specifically indicated for male infertility. Rich in L-DOPA, it elevates dopamine and LH to promote testosterone production and spermatogenesis. A clinical study (n=75 infertile men; 5 g/day seed powder for 3 months) significantly improved sperm count, motility, testosterone, LH, and FSH. A 2017 systematic review rated it with moderate evidence for testosterone and seminal parameter improvement.

Multiple studies show that vitamin B12 is transferred to male reproductive organs and is positively associated with sperm count, motility, and reduced DNA damage. Plasma B12 levels are lower in infertile men compared to fertile men. A 2017 systematic review concluded that the majority of published work demonstrates positive effects of B12 on semen quality.

Folate (vitamin B9) is essential for DNA synthesis and methylation during spermatogenesis. Low seminal folate correlates with increased sperm DNA fragmentation and aneuploidy. Combined zinc+folic acid improved sperm concentration in early RCTs. However, a 2020 NIH-funded RCT (n=2,370) found no improvement in live births, indicating benefits are most likely in folate-deficient men.

Methylfolate (5-MTHF) is the active bioavailable form of folate, bypassing the MTHFR enzyme and directly supporting DNA synthesis and methylation in spermatogenesis. Men with MTHFR polymorphisms (common in male infertility populations) may have impaired conversion of folic acid to 5-MTHF, and 5-MTHF supplementation can more effectively support sperm DNA integrity in these individuals.

Vitamin C is one of the most abundant antioxidants in seminal plasma, protecting sperm DNA from oxidative damage. Low seminal vitamin C correlates with elevated sperm DNA fragmentation. Clinical studies and systematic reviews consistently support its benefit in combination antioxidant regimens for male infertility, with 26 positive RCTs identified in a 2022 systematic review.

Vitamin D receptors are expressed in sperm cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. Low serum 25(OH)D levels are associated with reduced sperm motility, morphology, and testosterone in observational studies. Mechanistic studies show calcitriol regulates calcium-mediated sperm motility and testosterone production. Clinical trial results are mixed, with benefits most likely in vitamin D-deficient men.

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) is the primary lipid-soluble antioxidant protecting sperm membranes from lipid peroxidation. An early controlled study found 600 mg/day for 6 months significantly improved sperm motility in infertile men. Systematic reviews of 26 positive RCTs identified vitamin E as consistently beneficial in combination antioxidant regimens for male infertility.

Watermelon is a meaningful dietary source of lycopene, which accumulates preferentially in testicular tissue and has demonstrated improvements in sperm concentration and nonprogressive motility in clinical trials. Oxidative stress is a major driver of male infertility and lycopene is among the most potent carotenoid antioxidants.

Wheat germ is rich in vitamin E, zinc, and selenium, all of which play evidence-based roles in sperm quality, motility, and protection against oxidative damage. Germinated wheat showed improved sperm motility and viability in an avian model, attributed to its high antioxidant content. The antioxidant-sperm quality relationship is supported by human clinical data on these specific micronutrients.

Zinc is the most extensively studied micronutrient for male fertility. Seminal zinc levels are significantly lower in infertile men, and a meta-analysis in Scientific Reports found zinc supplementation significantly improved semen volume, sperm motility, and normal morphology in infertile males. It plays direct roles in spermatogenesis, sperm chromatin stability, capacitation, and testosterone balance. A 2020 large NIH-funded RCT found no improvement in live birth rates with combined zinc+folic acid, indicating benefits may be specific to zinc-deficient men.

A. racemosus (shatavari) has traditional use for male fertility enhancement in Ayurveda, and preliminary animal findings suggest positive outcomes for sperm parameters. A 2025 PubMed review states preliminary findings indicate positive outcomes for male fertility, but acknowledges more clinical trials are needed. No human RCT evidence for male fertility specifically has been published.

Traditional apitherapy systems cite bee pollen for male fertility and vitality. A PMC nanotechnology review states pollen may benefit sterility. Animal studies suggest protective effects on sperm from oxidative damage, but no human clinical trials on male fertility endpoints have been published.

Glandular therapy traditions include pituitary substance for male infertility and low libido, premised on the pituitary's production of FSH and LH, which govern testicular function and spermatogenesis. This use dates to the early 20th century organotherapy movement. No modern clinical trials support oral pituitary supplementation for male fertility.

Solomon's seal is classified as an aphrodisiac and reproductive tonic in Ayurvedic and TCM traditions, listed in Drugs.com (citing Zhao 2018) for 'sexual dysfunction.' Matthew Wood's herbal writings state it 'increases semen,' and several herbal references list male infertility among medicinal uses.