Dolor de cabeza (en racimos)

Acemannan-loaded nanogel formulations have shown significant reductions in psoriasis-like skin inflammation in animal models, reducing erythema, scaling, and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Clinical studies with Aloe vera gel (acemannan-containing) have shown improvements in plaque psoriasis, and a systematic review supports the benefit of topical Aloe vera in psoriasis.

ALA reduces T-cell-mediated inflammatory signaling in psoriatic skin by modulating cytokine secretion and keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Clinical and in vitro evidence supports a role for dietary ALA supplementation in attenuating psoriasis severity.

Clinical evidence shows allantoin diminishes hyperkeratotic changes, erythema, infiltration, and subjective symptoms of itching and burning in psoriasis patients. Keratolytic activity on psoriatic scales has been demonstrated in vitro at concentrations as low as 0.2%. A clinical pilot study using allantoin at 3% demonstrated clearing of psoriatic plaques, while formulations at 1.5% showed limited efficacy.

Topical aloe vera (0.5% cream) has been evaluated in multiple RCTs for plaque psoriasis. A landmark double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in 60 patients showed significantly reduced PASI scores with aloe versus placebo. A systematic review identified four qualifying clinical trials with generally positive but heterogeneous results.

Indigo Naturalis (Qingdai), derived from S. cusia, has the strongest clinical evidence base among its dermatological applications. Multiple randomized controlled trials demonstrate efficacy for plaque psoriasis and psoriatic nails, with the landmark 12-week RCT in 42 patients showing 74% clearance or near-clearance of treated plaques.

Baphicacanthus cusia is the primary plant source of indigo naturalis (Qing Dai), a Traditional Chinese Medicine remedy with multiple RCTs confirming topical efficacy against plaque psoriasis. A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial found 56.3% of patients achieved PASI 75 at 8 weeks with indigo naturalis versus 0% for placebo.

Berberine is the primary active alkaloid in Mahonia aquifolium (Oregon grape) responsible for its anti-psoriatic effects. It suppresses lipoxygenase, reduces T-cell infiltration in psoriatic lesions, inhibits cyclooxygenase, and downregulates IL-8 and prostaglandin E2. Clinical trials of Mahonia aquifolium preparations have demonstrated efficacy in plaque psoriasis.

An RCT evaluated three preparations of N. sativa for plaque psoriasis: topical 10% ointment, oral capsules (500 mg three times daily), and combination, over 12 weeks. The 2022 systematic review of skin RCTs covering psoriasis confirmed clinical benefit. A 2021 dermatology review covered N. sativa for plaque psoriasis.

A peer-reviewed study (PMID 24189030, Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2013) tested Picea mariana bark polyphenol extract on psoriatic keratinocytes and demonstrated inhibition of NF-κB pathway and suppression of key pro-inflammatory mediators. This is the strongest direct scientific evidence for any dermatological indication of black spruce.

Boswellia (frankincense) extracts have been studied for psoriasis based on their boswellic acid content, which inhibits 5-lipoxygenase. A clinical study of 200 patients with mild-to-moderate psoriasis using a 5% AKBA ointment three times daily for 12 weeks showed significant reductions in PASI and inflammatory biomarkers including LTB4, TNF, VEGF, and PGE2.

Boswellic acids (particularly AKBA) inhibit 5-lipoxygenase and NF-κB, reducing leukotriene and pro-inflammatory cytokine production relevant to psoriasis. A clinical study using 5% AKBA ointment in 200 psoriasis patients showed significant PASI reductions and decreases in LTB4, TNF, VEGF, and PGE2 after 12 weeks.

Antipsoriatic activity of C. crista (bonduc) leaves has been evaluated in a peer-reviewed study published in the Journal of Ethnopharmacology (2011). Screening demonstrated activity in established preclinical psoriasis models.

Capsaicin topical cream has been clinically evaluated for psoriasis, primarily for its ability to deplete substance P from skin nerve fibers, reducing itch and plaque severity. Clinical trials and reviews report significant itch reduction and some improvement in psoriatic severity scores. It is recognized as a topical botanical agent for psoriasis in systematic reviews.

Topical capsaicin has been evaluated in double-blind RCTs for psoriasis, demonstrating reductions in scaling, erythema, and pruritus. A double-blind evaluation of topical capsaicin in pruritic psoriasis (Ellis et al., J Am Acad Dermatol, 1993) and a 1986 study confirmed clinical benefit. Substance P depletion in skin nerves is the key mechanism.

Capsicum species are the botanical source of capsaicin, which has documented topical anti-psoriatic effects through substance P depletion and TRPV1 receptor activation. Clinical trials of topical capsaicin preparations have shown reductions in psoriatic itch, scaling, and erythema.

Two 6-week RCTs (n=241 total) found topical capsaicin cream superior to placebo for relief of psoriasis symptoms including scaling, thickness, erythema, and pruritus. An evidence-based review of botanicals for dermatologic conditions cited these trials as supporting clinical use of topical capsaicin for psoriasis.

Lesional psoriatic skin exhibits a disrupted stratum corneum ceramide profile and impaired barrier function, with elevated TEWL compared to non-lesional and healthy skin. Multiple clinical trials demonstrate that ceramide-containing moisturizers used adjunctively reduce PASI scores, improve skin dryness, and enhance quality of life in psoriasis patients. A randomized controlled trial also confirmed that anti-IL-23 biologic therapy normalizes the ceramide profile of psoriatic lesions in parallel with barrier function restoration.

Clinical and preclinical studies show chamomile preparations reduce psoriatic skin inflammation by downregulating pro-inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6, TNF-α, and by inhibiting PI3K/Akt/mTOR and p38/MAPK pathways. An intra-patient double-blind RCT evaluated a topical chamomile-pumpkin oleogel for plaque psoriasis. A 2026 MDPI review confirmed MC downregulates pro-inflammatory cytokines in psoriasis and restores immune balance.

Clinical evidence from a case series and a randomized controlled trial indicates that oral chondroitin sulfate can improve moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis. Mechanistically, CS suppresses NF-κB nuclear translocation and inhibits EGF receptor signaling in keratinocytes. A pivotal case series of 11 patients with therapy-resistant psoriasis found dramatic improvement in most patients after 800 mg/day CS for 2 months. A subsequent RCT in psoriasis-OA comorbid patients confirmed improvement in plantar psoriasis.

Limited clinical evidence supports topical VCO for psoriasis symptom management. An Indian Journal of Dermatology trial showed 57–64% improvement in scalp psoriasis with coconut oil-based treatment. The Joanna Briggs Institute published an evidence summary citing Level B evidence for VCO in psoriasis care. However, a 2021 PMC systematic review found insufficient evidence to recommend coconut oil as a CAM treatment for psoriasis.

Fish oil supplementation including cod liver oil has shown beneficial effects in psoriasis in some clinical studies. EPA competitively inhibits arachidonic acid-derived leukotriene B4, a key inflammatory mediator in psoriatic plaques. Omega-3 and vitamin D combinations show promise in reducing plaque severity.

Curcumin, the primary bioactive polyphenol from turmeric, has been evaluated in multiple RCTs and a meta-analysis for psoriasis. A 2022 meta-analysis of seven clinical RCTs found that curcumin monotherapy significantly improved PASI scores versus placebo, and combination therapy with conventional treatment produced additional benefit. It acts via NF-κB, IL-17, and IL-23 pathway inhibition.

Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) has been investigated as an adjunct therapy in psoriasis due to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Small clinical studies and case reports document use of oral vitamin E in psoriasis management, and tocoretinate—a hybrid of retinoic acid and tocopherol—has been studied topically with positive results in amyloidosis-related skin conditions.

Omega-3 fatty acids including DHA have been studied as adjunctive therapy in psoriasis, with evidence suggesting reduction in erythema, itching, and scaling through suppression of leukotriene B4 and pro-inflammatory cytokines. Clinical trial results are mixed, with some showing improvement in PASI scores and dermatological quality-of-life indices, while at least one large double-blind trial failed to show clinical benefit despite favorable biochemical changes.

DHA and EPA reduce symptoms in inflammatory skin diseases including psoriasis by limiting the inflammatory process via 15-lipoxygenase pathways. A small non-blinded clinical study found adjunctive omega-3 supplementation (640 mg/day EPA+DHA) beneficial for mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis. Omega-3s have strong anti-inflammatory effects on skin cells and can improve some skin conditions including psoriasis.

EGCG, the major catechin in green tea, has been studied in preclinical psoriasis models. Mouse studies show it attenuates skin inflammation, reduces T-cell infiltration, and suppresses IL-17, IL-22, and IL-23. A nanoparticle EGCG formulation produced a 20-fold stronger therapeutic effect in a murine psoriasis model compared to free EGCG. No human clinical RCTs are available.

EPA supplementation has been trialed in psoriasis with mechanistic rationale and several positive RCTs. EPA-derived 12-HEPE inhibits neutrophil infiltration in keratinocytes, reducing psoriatic plaque inflammation. Systematic reviews of 18 RCTs show mixed but directionally positive evidence for fish oil in psoriasis.

EPA is the primary omega-3 fatty acid responsible for fish oil's anti-psoriatic effects. Clinical trials using EPA-containing supplements have shown reductions in psoriatic erythema, scaling, and itching. A meta-analysis of omega-3 trials (10 RCTs; n=560) found a significant PASI reduction of −1.58 in favor of supplementation.

EPO has been studied in psoriasis but clinical evidence is negative: the 2024 systematic review of EPO in inflammatory diseases found it did not demonstrate effectiveness in psoriasis. It is documented here under 'scientific' validity because controlled clinical trials have been conducted, yielding null results.

Fish oil supplementation for psoriasis has been evaluated in over 13 RCTs. A meta-analysis of 10 studies involving 560 participants found a significant reduction in PASI score (−1.58; 95% CI: −2.24, −0.92; p<0.001) in favor of omega-3 supplementation. Results across trials are mixed, with some showing meaningful clinical improvement and others showing no benefit.

A 2022 preclinical study published in a peer-reviewed journal demonstrated that forsythoside A from Forsythia suspensa alleviated imiquimod-induced psoriasis-like dermatitis in mice by regulating Th17 cells and reducing IL-17A expression. The study identified dose-dependent reductions in skin redness, scaling, and keratinocyte proliferation. No human clinical trials have been conducted.

Fumaric acid esters (FAE) are established systemic treatments for moderate-to-severe plaque psoriasis, particularly dimethyl fumarate (DMF) and monoethyl fumarate. FAE are approved in Germany and other European countries for psoriasis and recommended in clinical guidelines. The European Pharmacopoeia and regulatory authorities recognize FAE as effective for psoriasis.

GLA has been investigated for psoriasis both topically and orally, with some evidence supporting modest benefit through its anti-inflammatory eicosanoid-modulating properties. Clinical and mechanistic data suggest GLA may reduce inflammatory components of psoriatic skin, though a systematic review found EPO did not demonstrate effectiveness for psoriasis in controlled trials. Evidence is mixed.

Glycyrrhizin, the major bioactive compound from licorice root, has been studied for psoriasis due to its inhibition of NF-κB, phospholipase A2, and 11β-HSD, modulating the IL-23/Th17 axis and oxidative stress. It is identified in recent reviews as among the key phytochemicals with evidence from preclinical and clinical studies for reducing PASI scores in psoriasis.

Hesperidin is a flavanone glycoside identified in PMC peer-reviewed reviews as having therapeutic potential for psoriasis, with anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties relevant to psoriatic pathology. Preclinical evidence supports suppression of NF-κB, pro-inflammatory cytokines, and keratinocyte proliferation. Evidence is primarily preclinical.

Topical honey, particularly in combination with beeswax and olive oil, has been tested in a partially controlled clinical trial for psoriasis, showing improvement in scaling and erythema. A 2024 Phytotherapy Research review confirmed honey phytochemicals have anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties relevant to psoriasis management.

A double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial of a topical boswellic acid (BA)-based cream (Bosexil® formulation) found it potentially promising for psoriasis and erythematous eczema patients. Scientific plausibility rests on boswellic acids' inhibition of 5-LOX and NF-κB, pathways active in psoriatic skin inflammation.

Indigo leaves are the traditional plant material used to prepare indigo naturalis, a clinically validated topical treatment for plaque psoriasis in Traditional Chinese Medicine. Multiple RCTs show significant PASI reductions with indigo naturalis preparations applied topically.

Psoriasis is associated with dysregulated LA metabolism; plasma LA levels are significantly lower in psoriasis patients compared with healthy controls, and LA-derived oxylipins accumulate in lesional skin. A randomized controlled trial of a linoleic acid-ceramide moisturizer as adjunctive therapy for psoriasis vulgaris demonstrated improved PASI scores and reduced relapse rates. These findings link disordered LA metabolism to psoriasis pathogenesis.

A review of 11 clinical trials found that adding licorice extract to standard psoriasis treatment improved clinical course without increasing adverse effects. Topical glycyrrhetinic acid is recognized in authoritative references for psoriasis management. Evidence is predominantly from combination-therapy trials with methodological limitations.

Luteolin is a flavone studied for psoriasis due to its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties. It suppresses NF-κB, inhibits keratinocyte proliferation, and reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is identified in peer-reviewed PMC narrative reviews as having therapeutic potential in psoriasis, primarily based on preclinical evidence.

NAG has been studied in a psoriasis mouse model, demonstrating significant reduction in PASI scores and downregulation of the IL-17A–MAPK inflammatory pathway central to psoriasis pathogenesis. No large human RCTs exist, but the mechanistic rationale and preclinical evidence are well-grounded.

Colloidal oatmeal has demonstrated clinical efficacy for mild-to-moderate psoriasis, reducing dryness, roughness, and discomfort in retrospective and prospective studies. Oatmeal baths are recognized as adjuvant therapy in erythrodermic psoriasis management.

Research published in the Journal of Investigative Dermatology found that oleic acid-rich skin is less likely to experience psoriasis resurgence by suppressing activity of tissue-resident memory T cells, which drive psoriatic relapses. Oleic acid modulates T-cell membrane fatty acid composition to reduce their functional persistence. Clinical safety data also document that topical oleogel formulations have been studied in psoriasis patients.

Omega-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA from fish oil) have been assessed in multiple RCTs and meta-analyses for psoriasis. A meta-analysis of 10 studies (n=560) found a significant PASI score reduction of −1.58 with omega-3 supplementation. Anti-inflammatory mechanisms involve competitive displacement of arachidonic acid and reduction of pro-inflammatory leukotriene B4.

Omega-6 fatty acid metabolism is implicated in psoriasis pathogenesis through AA-derived pro-inflammatory eicosanoids present in psoriatic plaques. GLA-containing omega-6 oils have been studied in psoriasis with mixed results; combined GLA and omega-3 supplementation shows more consistent anti-inflammatory effects. A 2025 systematic review covering 26 psoriasis studies found altered lipid mediator profiles characterized by excess omega-6-driven inflammatory mediators.

Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) has been evaluated in multiple controlled clinical trials for plaque psoriasis. A double-blind, placebo-controlled study in 200 patients using 10% Mahonia ointment twice daily for 12 weeks demonstrated efficacy and safety. Native Americans historically used Mahonia to treat inflammatory skin conditions.

Early studies explored oral retinyl palmitate for psoriasis treatment, though severe hypervitaminosis A led to abandonment in favor of synthetic retinoids. Topical retinyl palmitate has also been tested in psoriasis formulations. The retinoid class, derived from vitamin A, remains clinically active in psoriasis management.

Panthenol is referenced in pharmacological and clinical literature as a supportive topical agent for psoriasis, primarily through its moisturizing, barrier-repair, and anti-inflammatory effects. Medical News Today cites panthenol as able to improve roughness, dryness, itching, redness, and scaling associated with psoriasis. Evidence is supportive but indirect, with no large dedicated RCTs for psoriasis monotherapy.

TGP has been studied for psoriasis as an immunomodulatory agent and is mentioned in systematic reviews as an effective treatment for autoimmune skin conditions. Its mechanism involves suppression of Th1/Th17 immune responses, NF-κB inhibition, and cytokine reduction.

P. kurroa has been tested as an adjunct in vitiligo (a related autoimmune skin condition), with one self-controlled trial in 30 patients showing repigmentation when combined with phototherapy. Its immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties are proposed to benefit psoriasis, though direct psoriasis RCTs are absent.

Quercetin is a flavonol studied for psoriasis due to its inhibition of NF-κB, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17, and suppression of keratinocyte hyperproliferation. Preclinical studies demonstrate significant reduction in psoriasis-like symptoms in animal models; limited small clinical studies report benefits. It is identified in multiple PMC reviews as a promising anti-psoriatic compound.

Resveratrol has been studied for psoriasis in preclinical models and limited in vitro studies. It inhibits IL-17A, TNF-α, and COX-2, activates SIRT1 signaling, and promotes keratinocyte differentiation. Mouse studies show significant reduction in psoriasis-like skin lesions. Current evidence is preclinical; no published human RCTs are available.

An ethyl acetate fraction of R. cordifolia root inhibited keratinocyte (HaCaT cell) proliferation in vitro with IC50 of 0.9 µg/ml and induced apoptosis and differentiation in a psoriasis mouse tail model. Traditional Asian medicine also lists psoriasis among its clinical applications, and TCM prescriptions using R. cordifolia have been applied to psoriasis.

Sarsaparilla has the strongest historical and partial clinical record for psoriasis of any condition. A 1942 NEJM clinical report (92 patients) showed improvement in 62% and clearance in 18% of cases. Recent animal studies and network pharmacology analyses confirm Smilax glabra's anti-psoriatic mechanisms via T-cell suppression and AhR/TOP2A pathways.

Multiple case-control studies consistently document significantly lower selenium levels in blood and serum of psoriasis patients versus healthy controls, with the deficit correlating with disease severity scores. A large study of 336 psoriatic patients and 336 matched controls found psoriasis risk was highest at the lowest selenium concentrations (OR up to 10.3). A 2020 systematic review and meta-analysis also confirmed significantly lower selenium in psoriasis patients. Intervention data with selenium supplementation in psoriasis are sparse and no conclusive benefit from supplementation has been established.

Topical silymarin has been investigated in psoriasis. A 2024 trial reported a 38% reduction in PASI scores with silymarin cream (10%) vs. placebo after 8 weeks. Its mechanisms—NF-κB suppression, anti-proliferative effects, cytokine modulation—are directly relevant to psoriasis pathophysiology. Silymarin is listed among dermatological conditions for which it has documented clinical use.

Smilax (sarsaparilla) has one of its strongest documented links with psoriasis. A 1942 New England Journal of Medicine report and a later 92-patient clinical study both reported significant improvement in psoriatic lesions. The key constituent astilbin from Smilax glabra inhibits Th17 cell differentiation via the Jak3/Stat3 pathway in murine psoriasis-like models, with effects comparable to calcipotriol at lower doses.

S. flavescens alkaloids and flavonoids have been studied in psoriasis models and clinical applications. Oxymatrine is documented as used for plaque psoriasis. Matrine and S. flavescens-derived microneedles reduce psoriasiform lesions by inhibiting mast cells and TNF-α in animal models.

A standardized extract of S. indicus (NPS31807) has been studied specifically for psoriasis-relevant pathways in vitro, demonstrating suppression of keratinocyte proliferation and migration, NF-κB and AP-1 inhibition, and reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines in macrophages. This is one of the better-characterized mechanistic profiles for a skin indication.

Altered lipid mediator profiles with reduced omega-3-derived SPMs and predominant omega-6-driven inflammatory mediators have been documented in psoriatic skin in human studies. Preclinical SPM studies show inhibition of the IL-23/IL-17 axis and NF-κB, core psoriasis drivers. Human interventional studies with omega-3 precursors show clinical symptom reduction.

Sulforaphane reduced psoriasis-like skin lesion severity in IMQ-induced murine models by decreasing Th1/Th17 cell proportions and upregulating antioxidant genes. Nrf2/NF-κB dual modulation addresses the immunopathology of psoriasis. The 2026 Nutrients review identifies clinical and preclinical evidence for SFN in psoriasis.

A double-blind randomized controlled trial assessed sunflower oil against betamethasone valerate for mild-to-moderate plaque psoriasis. Sunflower oil's high linoleic acid content reduces TNF-alpha, a key driver of psoriasis pathogenesis. It has also been evaluated as an adjuvant to topical steroids in psoriasis management.

A double-blind RCT assessed sunflower seed oil for mild-to-moderate plaque-type psoriasis, and review evidence indicates its linoleic acid reduces TNF-α, a key cytokine in psoriasis pathogenesis. Sunflower oleodistillate has also been used in formulations for psoriasis and barrier disorders. Evidence is limited but present.

Turmeric (Curcuma longa) has been clinically tested for plaque psoriasis via topical gels and oral supplementation. A randomized double-blind intraindividual trial found turmeric gel significantly more effective than placebo for PASI reduction. Evidence is substantially driven by its active constituent curcumin.

Vitamin A and retinoic acid derivatives have been clinically investigated in psoriasis, with synthetic oral retinoids (acitretin) now standard therapy for severe/pustular psoriasis. Topical vitamin A acid shows moderate anti-psoriatic effects. Studies find lower serum retinol-binding protein in patients with extensive psoriasis compared to controls.

Vitamin D deficiency is strongly associated with psoriasis severity, and vitamin D supplementation has been evaluated in multiple RCTs. A 2023 systematic review and meta-analysis found that oral vitamin D supplementation improved PASI scores in psoriasis patients, with subgroup analyses showing stronger effects in Asian populations and with vitamin D2 supplementation.

Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol) and its analogue calcipotriol are established in the treatment of psoriasis. Calcipotriol is a first-line topical therapy. Oral vitamin D3 supplementation has been evaluated in RCTs including a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled trial for chronic plaque psoriasis published in J Dermatolog Treat (2018), with a 2023 meta-analysis of RCTs showing PASI improvement.

Case-control data consistently show lower vitamin E dietary intake and serum levels in psoriasis patients compared to healthy controls, with an inverse correlation between vitamin E intake and disease severity. A clinical trial assessed NAC combined with vitamin E for mild-to-moderate psoriasis vulgaris.

A. galanga is cited in ScienceDirect's nutraceutical literature as having antipsoriatic pharmacological activity among its documented properties. Traditional systems reference it for skin scaling conditions. Evidence remains preclinical and no human trials exist.

Psoriasis is listed as a traditional Moroccan indication for topical argan oil. Its anti-inflammatory and wound-healing properties are mechanistically relevant. A 2018 review supports potential anti-inflammatory benefit, but no human clinical trials in psoriasis patients have been published.

Barberry applied topically as a 10% cream has traditional use for psoriasis, and the closely related plant Oregon grape (B. aquifolium) has shown clinical evidence for this indication. Berberine has been referenced in clinical trial contexts for psoriasis. Direct clinical evidence for barberry itself is limited.

Birch bark oil and birch tar have been used in folk medicine for psoriasis for centuries across Europe and indigenous North American traditions. Birch bark constituents (betulin, betulinic acid) have demonstrated keratinocyte-normalising and anti-inflammatory activity in preclinical models relevant to psoriasis pathophysiology. Birch tar remains an ingredient in some topical psoriasis preparations.

Black walnut hull is consistently listed in traditional herbal medicine for psoriasis, used similarly to coal tar. A study in Frontiers in Pharmacology found black walnut extract inhibits inflammatory cells, providing limited scientific support for its use in inflammatory skin conditions. No clinical RCTs in psoriasis patients exist.

Borage has traditional use for psoriasis documented in herbal monographs, and GLA's anti-inflammatory and epidermal barrier-repair properties provide mechanistic rationale. Studies on GLA-rich oils in skin conditions generally support anti-inflammatory benefit, but no dedicated RCTs exist specifically for borage in psoriasis.

Borage oil has been traditionally associated with GLA-deficiency skin conditions including psoriasis, based on evidence that psoriasis—like atopic dermatitis—is linked to altered essential fatty acid metabolism. Some sources identify psoriasis as treatable through GLA supplementation, but no psoriasis-specific borage oil RCT has been identified.

Burdock is cited across European and TCM herbalism as a treatment for psoriasis, used internally as an alterative and blood-purifying herb. Herbal Reality notes its 'detox remedy especially in cases of eczema or other skin conditions' including psoriasis. The anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of arctigenin and phenolic acids provide mechanistic plausibility. Clinical trial evidence for psoriasis specifically is lacking.

Cabbage leaf poultices applied to psoriatic plaques appear in traditional European herbal medicine as a topical anti-inflammatory and soothing remedy. Traditional sources recommend bruised cabbage leaves wrapped directly on affected skin. Dietary cabbage consumption is also noted in natural health literature for psoriasis prevention due to anti-inflammatory glucosinolates and fiber. No clinical trials for psoriasis specifically have been identified.

Topical calendula is documented in traditional use for psoriasis, with a mechanistic basis from its ability to downregulate Th1-associated pro-inflammatory cytokines. A 2021 laboratory study explicitly identified psoriasis as a condition where calendula's iNOS-suppressive action is applicable. Clinical RCTs for psoriasis are lacking.

Chickweed is consistently cited in herbal and homeopathic traditions as a topical remedy for psoriasis, with its anti-inflammatory and skin-soothing properties considered relevant. In vitro skin cell data provide partial mechanistic support. No clinical trials have been conducted.

Psoriasis is documented in traditional European herbal practice as an indication for cleavers, used both internally and topically for chronic, hot, inflamed skin conditions. Preclinical anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties are consistent with this use. No human trials exist.

Coleus forskohlii has traditional use for psoriasis in Ayurvedic medicine, supported by the hypothesis that psoriasis involves reduced cutaneous cAMP levels, which forskolin could correct. Multiple pharmacopeial and clinical review sources identify psoriasis as a specific traditional indication.

Comfrey has documented traditional use for psoriasis topically, and human observational data note some efficacy of external comfrey preparations for psoriasis. Allantoin's anti-inflammatory, keratolytic, and cell-proliferative properties are mechanistically relevant to the hyperproliferative and inflammatory pathology of psoriasis. No dedicated RCT in psoriasis patients has been published.

Commiphora species have traditional use for skin inflammatory conditions. ESCOP endorses topical myrrh for minor skin inflammations; guggul contains compounds with documented anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties relevant to psoriasis pathophysiology. No psoriasis-specific RCTs exist.

TCM documents Coptis chinensis use for psoriasis as a 'damp-heat' skin condition, and the herb is listed among TCM treatments for this disorder. Berberine in topical formulations has been explored for psoriasis, including Mahonia aquifolium cream containing berberine. Dedicated clinical trials using Coptis chinensis for psoriasis are lacking.

The phytosterols present in CSO have demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity in a preclinical model of psoriatic inflammation (Chang et al., 2023, cited in Frontiers in Pharmacology 2025). Traditional Ayurvedic use of CSO includes management of inflammatory skin conditions. Vitamin E in CSO has shown benefits in psoriasis. No clinical trial has tested CSO directly for psoriasis.

Dandelion has been used traditionally as an herbal treatment for psoriasis, drawing on its depurative, anti-inflammatory, and liver-supporting properties. The sap from dandelion stems has also been used topically in folk medicine for psoriatic lesions. No clinical trials exist.

Psoriasis is listed as a traditional indication for feverfew in the PMC systematic review and the Restorative Medicine monograph. The anti-inflammatory and immune-modulating properties of parthenolide are mechanistically relevant. No clinical trials have specifically addressed psoriasis.

Flaxseed oil's anti-inflammatory omega-3 ALA content may reduce the immune-driven skin inflammation characteristic of psoriasis. Clinical evidence is indirect, with one 12-week human trial showing improved skin roughness, scaling, and hydration, though participants were healthy volunteers rather than psoriasis patients.

Psoriasis involves abnormally rapid skin cell proliferation linked to low cAMP and elevated cGMP. Forskolin's cAMP-raising mechanism is pharmacologically relevant, and C. forskohlii has long been used in Ayurveda for psoriasis. Experimental studies in mice support anti-psoriatic activity, but no human RCT has been conducted.

Geranium EO is used traditionally in skin-care preparations for psoriasis, based on its anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, and antiproliferative properties. No human clinical trial for psoriasis specifically has been conducted with geranium.

Goldenseal appears in traditional herbal references for psoriasis as a skin condition with inflammatory and possible infectious components. Berberine's anti-inflammatory properties in preclinical models are relevant, but no clinical trials of goldenseal for psoriasis have been found.

Gotu Kola has a documented history in traditional Ayurvedic and TCM medicine for psoriasis, attributed to its anti-inflammatory and collagen-normalizing properties. Scientific evidence consists of mechanistic/in vitro support and mentions in reviews of Centella asiatica skin pharmacology, but no dedicated clinical psoriasis RCTs have been conducted.

Guggul formulations, particularly Kaishore Guggulu and Rasnadi Guggulu, are used in Ayurvedic medicine for psoriasis and chronic inflammatory skin conditions. The blood-purifying and anti-inflammatory properties of guggul are invoked. No standalone clinical trials of guggul specifically for psoriasis have been identified.

H. italicum is referenced in traditional use for chronic skin inflammatory conditions. Its anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties are mechanistically relevant to psoriasis, but no specific evidence (in vitro, animal, or clinical) directly addressing psoriasis as an endpoint has been identified.

Psoriasis is explicitly listed as a traditional Ayurvedic indication of H. indicus in classical texts and is confirmed in the ScienceDirect ethnopharmacology review. The plant is used both topically and internally for psoriasis management. Preclinical anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory evidence provides biological plausibility.

Psoriasis is listed as a traditional use of inositol nicotinate in multiple clinical sources including RxList and WebMD. A 2024 systematic review of inositol for dermatological disorders (J Integrative Dermatology) found limited evidence for inositol in psoriasis, primarily related to myo-inositol rather than IHN specifically. Wikipedia explicitly classifies psoriasis as having insufficient evidence for IHN.

Momordica charantia is specifically listed in multiple ethnopharmacological reviews as a traditional remedy for psoriasis across Asian folk medicine. Its anti-inflammatory properties provide biological plausibility. No human clinical trials have studied this indication.

Neem is explicitly used in traditional Indian Siddha medicine for psoriasis, with the MDPI review noting its classification as a traditional treatment for dry psoriasis. A small pilot study (Pandey et al., Indian J Dermatol 1994) used aqueous neem extract in psoriasis vulgaris. The Indian Journal of Dermatology illustrates neem leaf paste being applied directly to psoriatic plaques.

Psoriasis is a documented traditional use of feverfew, cited in multiple herbal medicine monographs and the PMC systematic review. Feverfew extracts inhibit release of inflammatory enzymes from white blood cells found in inflamed skin, providing a mechanistic rationale. No clinical RCTs specifically for psoriasis have been published.

Pistacia integerrima galls are specifically mentioned as a remedy for psoriasis in multiple Ayurvedic and ethnopharmacological sources, alongside other skin diseases. The galls' astringent, anti-inflammatory, and antimicrobial properties provide a plausible basis. No clinical trials or dedicated preclinical skin/psoriasis models have been published.

Plantago major and P. lanceolata have traditional use in European folk medicine for psoriasis. Anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, and immunomodulatory properties of Plantago bioactives are mechanistically relevant to psoriasis pathophysiology. No clinical trial data exist; use is based on traditional practice.

P. marsupium is cited in Ayurvedic sources for the treatment of psoriasis and skin disorders. Traditional preparations using the plant's astringent and anti-inflammatory properties are documented.

Red clover has a long-documented tradition as a topical and internal remedy for psoriasis. It was listed in the US National Formulary as a skin remedy until 1946. Topical ointments containing red clover are traditionally applied to psoriatic lesions. There is no verified clinical trial evidence specifically for psoriasis. One case report describes toxicity when red clover was used alongside methotrexate for severe psoriasis.

A comprehensive PMC review (PMC5984022) specifically listed psoriasis among skin conditions where safflower's antimicrobial and antioxidant effects 'may inhibit or retard the progression' of the disease. Persian traditional medicine has used safflower for inflammatory skin conditions. Safflower's anti-inflammatory mechanisms (NF-κB inhibition, antioxidant activity) are pharmacologically relevant to psoriasis.

Schizonepeta has been used in TCM for psoriasis under the paradigm of wind-heat skin conditions. Preclinical studies show immunomodulatory effects on T-cell cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-4) relevant to psoriatic pathology. No standalone controlled clinical trials for psoriasis have been published.

Psoriasis is among the most frequently cited traditional indications for Scrophularia root in European and Middle Eastern folk medicine, as well as in TCM. The herb is used both topically (ointments, compresses) and internally for chronic psoriatic conditions. In vitro NF-κB inhibitory and anti-proliferative effects on keratinocytes provide limited mechanistic support.

Shea butter is traditionally used for psoriasis across Sub-Saharan Africa and is commonly recommended as a complementary emollient for psoriatic plaques. Its anti-inflammatory and intense moisturizing properties address two key features of psoriasis—cutaneous inflammation and barrier dysfunction—but no controlled clinical trials in psoriasis patients have been published.

Psoriasis is listed among the traditional TCM indications of siler root, with classical applications for wind-heat skin eruptions and inflammatory scaling conditions. No preclinical or clinical studies specifically targeting psoriasis with SD as an intervention have been published.

Slippery elm has gained popularity in psoriasis management primarily through the Pagano dietary protocol and a very small uncontrolled case series of 5 patients. There is no direct traditional documentation of use specifically for psoriasis; the link is contemporary and anecdotal/alternative rather than classically traditional.

Psoriasis is one of the chronic skin conditions for which Stillingia was traditionally employed in Eclectic and folk medicine, valued as a blood purifier and lymphatic stimulant. Clarke's Materia Medica explicitly lists psoriasis among its clinical indications. No scientific evidence supports this use.

Wheatgrass is used in traditional and alternative medicine for psoriasis, attributed to anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Some practitioners apply wheatgrass topically or internally for symptom relief. Scientific evidence for psoriasis specifically is very limited and no clinical trial has validated this use.

Native American tribes used yucca topically for psoriasis and skin diseases, as documented by multiple ethnobotanical sources including Minimalist Beauty and NoGreaterJoy.org. The anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative properties of yuccaols and saponins provide mechanistic plausibility for benefit in inflammatory skin conditions. No clinical trial has evaluated yucca specifically for psoriasis.